b-thalassaemia major demonstrated that even this high level of c-globin expression, for reasons related to the function of the hybrid globin tetramers, could only prolong, but not fully support, survival. Taken together, these results indicate that only the heterozygous Hbb th)3 model of b-thalassaemia intermedia can be reliably used for the pre-clinical assessment of c-globin gene therapy vectors, as well as other means of c-globin gene induction.