Synergistic effects of iron deficiency and lead exposure on blood lead levels in children

Khan, Dilshad Ahmed; Ansari, Wafa Munir; Khan, Farooq Ahmad

doi:10.1007/s12519-011-0257-9

Cited by 26 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Anemia, specially iron deficiency anemia affects cognitive performances [8] and school performances in children [9–11]. It is also suggested that anemia increases the heavy metal absorption in children [12]. It affects the exercise tolerance [13] and hormonal regulation in adults [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with anemia among Sri Lankan primary school children in rural North Central Province

et al. 2017

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BackgroundDespite interventions, childhood anemia is still a major public health problem in low and middle income countries. Purpose of the present study is to determine factors associated with anemia among rural primary school children in Sri Lanka, a country undergoing rapid socioeconomic changes.MethodsMulti stage cluster sampling was used to select 100 rural schools in NCP and a maximum of 50 children aged 60–131 months were enrolled from each school. Self-administered questionnaires were sent to parents. Anthropometric measurements and blood samples were obtained by trained investigators. Blood reports were analyzed in a commercial laboratory with external quality control measures.ResultsTotal of 4412 children were included in the analysis. A Multiple regression was performed for hemoglobin. Only 4.2% of the change in hemoglobin could be explained by the model. District (p > 0.001), age (p > 0.001), timing of warm treatment(p = 0.026) and BMI for age (p = 0.002) uniquely contributed 1.12%, 1.19%, 0.13% and 0.26% to change in hemoglobin level respectively whereas, sex, monthly family income and frequency of meat and green leaf consumption didn’t contribute significantly.Peripheral blood film analyses were available for 146 anemic children. Blood film was reported as normal in 19.9% while evidence of iron deficiency (18.5%), early iron deficiency (32.5%) and thalassemia trait with iron deficiency (29.5%) were reported in the rest.Serum ferritin level was available for 417 children with hemoglobin less than 12 g/dl. Mean ferritin level was 63.7 microgram/l. Only 0.5% had depleted iron stores. A multiple regression was performed for serum ferritin and R2 was 0.123 (p < 0.001). Area under the curve for serum ferritin and anemia was 0.436.ConclusionAnemia among rural primary school children in NCP cannot be well explained by routinely assessed socioeconomic characteristics which mainly provide clues to access for food. Commonly used anemia related investigations have low validity in detecting and explaining anemia in this population. Since behavioral factors have been shown to affect nutrition of younger children in Sri Lanka, studying weather behaviors are related to anemia in primary school children is important. Possible etiologies including but not limited to nutritional deficiencies need to be studied further.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with anemia among Sri Lankan primary school children in rural North Central Province

et al. 2017

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“…According to the literature in the HUE group of natural zeolites (e. g., heulandite and clinoptilolite), samples with Si/Al ratios higher than four belongs to the clinoptilolite type and those with lower ratios (Si/Al < 4) are heulandite type (15).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following our previous research on adsorption of lead in natural zeolites (15,17), this study was therefore conducted to determine whether intake of this compound possesses protective effects on the learning and memory deficiency induced by lead exposure in rats.…”

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Framework of the zeolitic materials contains of channels and interconnected cavities which are occupied by the mobile cation and water molecules. The nonframework cations such as Natrium, Calcium, Titanium, Cobalt, Magnesium, Aluminum, and Zinc are quite mobile which easily exchange to varying degrees by other cations in the surrounding environment (14,15). Zeolite structure has a negative charge, and thus can adsorb cations in micro pores channels and cavities via an ion exchange mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zeolite structure has a negative charge, and thus can adsorb cations in micro pores channels and cavities via an ion exchange mechanism. Mercury, lead and cadmium are well known as typical toxic heavy metal cations, which can be easily captured into the pores of zeolitic materials by exchanging with extra framework cations such as sodium (15)(16)(17). High surface area, porous structure, selective absorption, and the possibility to change surface characteristics of zeolites make them a potential multifunctional adsorbents suitable for adsorption of mycotoxins mycoxyanions (18)(19)(20)(21) and as a carrier for the controlled and slow release of some drugs (22)(23)(24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protective Effect of Microporous Natural Clinoptilolite on Lead-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats

et al. 2013

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Background: Lead poisoning impairs memory and learning. Objectives: The protective effect of natural zeolite clinoptilolite on memory and learning impairment in rats exposed to lead acetate was investigated. Materials and Methods: 60 male Wistar rats in six groups treated for 2 months with diets contained different ratios of natural zeolite(i.e. 5% or 12.5%), and %0.2 lead acetate (LA) concentrations. behavioral test was evaluated by passive avoidance learning method in shuttle box at 6, 12, 24, 48 hours, and one week after the shock test. Results: digestive exposure with 0.2% lead acetate in the presence of zeolite additive had no effect on the rats' memory performance (P < 0.05). Adding 5 and 12.5%w/w of natural zeolite to the rats' feed improved short-term, medium-term, and long-term memory performance (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. Conclusion: observed improvement in memory function can be considered in part as the indirect effects of cation exchange or adsorption property of zeolites.

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High prevalence of elevated lead levels in pediatric dialysis patients

et al. 2012

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Synergistic effects of iron deficiency and lead exposure on blood lead levels in children

Abstract: Iron deficiency in combination with lead exposure synergistically elevates blood lead levels and susceptibility to its harmful effects in children.

Cited by 26 publications

References 26 publications

Factors associated with anemia among Sri Lankan primary school children in rural North Central Province

Factors associated with anemia among Sri Lankan primary school children in rural North Central Province

Protective Effect of Microporous Natural Clinoptilolite on Lead-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats

High prevalence of elevated lead levels in pediatric dialysis patients

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