Synergistic effects of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate with a new carbon source derived from biomass in flame retardant ABS

Zhang, Yan; Chen, Xiaoling; Fang, Zhengping

doi:10.1002/app.38382

Cited by 67 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…Addition of EG together with other synergistic FRs such as phosphonate, 21 polyphosphate, 22 phosphorus, 23 metal hydroxide, 12 layered double hydroxide, 24 silica, 25 had been tested, and results indicated the addition of other synergistic FRs can normally improve flame retardancy and reduce EG dose. Surface treatments had been also reported to improve EG miscibility with polymer matrices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Boric Acid Modified Expandable Graphite and Its Influence on Polyethylene Combustion Characteristics

Zhao

Lin

2016

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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A boric acid modified expandable graphite (EG B ) was prepared through oxidizing-intercalating reaction of natural graphite, using H 2 SO 4 and boric acid (H 3 BO 3 ) as intercalators simultaneously. The dilatability of the intercalated products were characterized with expansion volume and initial expansion temperature. Scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to detect its layer structure, main element relative contents and function group. At the same time, its influence on combustion characteristics and thermal stability for linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) were investigated in limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, vertical burning tests and thermal gravimetric/differential thermal gravimetric analyses. Comparing with the normal expandable graphite (EG, intercalated by single H 2 SO 4 ), EG B exhibited high dilatability, thermal stability and flame retardancy for LLDPE. It had been testified by combustion tests that the addition of 30 wt % EG B to LLDPE improved the limiting oxygen index (LOI) from 17.6% to 30.2%, and the vertical burning level of UL-94 standard reached V-0 level. Whereas, the LOI of the same amount referenced EG was only 25.1%, the UL-94 level only reached V-1. Moreover, the synergistic effect between EG B and ammonium polyphosphate (II) (APP) improved the LOI of 70LLDPE/10APP/20EG B composite to 33.0%, and the UL-94 level to V-0. The synergistic efficiency was attributed to the formation of continuous and compact residual char.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Boric Acid Modified Expandable Graphite and Its Influence on Polyethylene Combustion Characteristics

Zhao

Lin

2016

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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“…In order to clarify the interaction mechanism of MnAc, APP-PER mixture and PP, the viscosity of PP/25APP+PER/MnAc blends were studied as a function of temperature under nitrogen. Since all oxygen is consumed at the flame front once a sample ignites, the tests in the atmosphere without oxygen are more suitable to study the behaviour of the fire retarded matrix during combustion [21] . Clearly, the complex viscosity (η*) of the unfilled PP exhibits a monotonic and rapid decrease up to 350 °C, while essentially zero values were measured above this temperature.…”

Section: Rheological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of enhancement of intumescent fire retardancy by metal acetates in polypropylene

Zhang

Fang

et al. 2017

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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The effects of cobalt acetate (CoAc), manganese acetate (MnAc), nickel acetate (NiAc) and zinc acetate (ZnAc) as fire retardant additive in intumescent polypropylene (PP) formulations containing PP/ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/pentaerythritol (PER) are reported. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning (UL94) tests and cone calorimetry were used to quantify the enhancement. Environmental chamber rheometry, thermal gravimetric analysis and the morphology of the residual char were used to investigate the mechanism of enhancement. The incorporation of small quantities of metal acetates had a significant influence on the fire behaviour. As an example, 0.7 wt% MnAc improved the UL 94 rating of PP/APP+PER (mass ratio 100/25, with APP/PER=3/1) sample from V-2 to V-0, while 1 wt% MnAc reduced the peak heat release rate and the total heat release by 18% and 12% in the cone calorimeter. Rheological data, cone calorimetry, and photographs of the residual char showed how the fire retardancy of the systems were affected by the melt viscosity, which depended on the loading of metal acetate. During thermal decomposition, the metal acetates promote the crosslinking of the polymer and the fire retardant, reinforcing the protective intumescent layer. While, the effect is most potent at the optimal metal loadings. At higher MnAc loadings, the benefit of a stronger char is overwhelmed by the adverse effect of crosslinking on the transition char layer. Thus, this paper offers a new insight into the mechanism of the intumescent fire retarded PP system.

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“…Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) systems have attracted great attention to substitute the halogenated flame retardants because they are free of halogen, environmentally friendly, and highly effective [24]. Nevertheless, the IFR components have been claimed to have drawbacks such as moisture absorption and incompatibility with the polymer matrix [26]. The majority of IFR systems are based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) (an acid source), melamine (MEL) (as blowing agent), and pentaerythritol (PER) (as char forming agent) [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional polymer composites using natural fiber reinforcements

Ishak

Taib

2015

Multifunctionality of Polymer Composites

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Synergistic effects of expandable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate with a new carbon source derived from biomass in flame retardant ABS

Cited by 67 publications

References 40 publications

Preparation of Boric Acid Modified Expandable Graphite and Its Influence on Polyethylene Combustion Characteristics

Preparation of Boric Acid Modified Expandable Graphite and Its Influence on Polyethylene Combustion Characteristics

Mechanism of enhancement of intumescent fire retardancy by metal acetates in polypropylene

Multifunctional polymer composites using natural fiber reinforcements

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