Synergistic effects of betel quid chewing, tobacco use (in the form of cigarette smoking), and alcohol consumption on the risk of malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF): a case-control study in Hunan Province, China

Experimental study on TGF‐β1‐mediated CD147 expression in oral submucous fibrosis

“…Chewing betel has been demonstrated to be one of main inducers of OSF, and previous studies have demonstrated that arecoline plays an important role in the pathophysiology of OSF (Liu et al., ). There are four alkaloids—arecoline (considered the most potent), arecaidine, guvacine, and guvacoline—that have been reported to stimulate collagen secretion from fibroblasts.…”

TFM classification and staging of oral submucous fibrosis: A new proposal

“…As OSMF malignant transformation is known to be independent of stage and site in the affected oral cavity (Figure C), grouping OSMF patients with malignant transformation in late stages may result in losing vital data with prognostic value. Hence, the validity of any clinicopathological classification and its usefulness in treatment planning remains questionable.…”

Malignant transformation of oral submucous fibrosis in Taiwan: A nationwide population‐based retrospective cohort study

“…In India, the malignant transformation rate of OSF was ranged from 2.6% to 7.6% . Recently, the two case‐control studies conducted in Mainland China demonstrated that there were 15% and 11.02% OSF patients developing into oral cancer. The malignant transformation rate of OSF was about 1.9% and 3.72% in two hospital‐based follow‐up observation studies in southern Taiwan, respectively.…”