Synergistic effects of aluminum hydroxide on improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of transparent intumescent fire-retardant coatings
“…Aluminium hydroxide (AH) and aluminium hypophosphite(AHP) as flame retardant are commonly used in plastic and fibers, such as polylactic acid, polypropylene, cellulose fibers, and so on . In addition to AHP and AH, aluminium‐containing compounds are also used as flame retardant for some special materials, like glass fiber, polyamide .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 92%
“…Aluminium hydroxide (AH) and aluminium hypophosphite (AHP) as flame retardant are commonly used in plastic and fibers, such as polylactic acid, polypropylene, cellulose fibers, and so on. [22][23][24][25][26][27] In addition to AHP and AH, aluminiumcontaining compounds are also used as flame retardant for some special materials, like glass fiber, polyamide. [28,29] For the flame retardant of cotton fabrics, the cotton fabric treated by AHP has a certain degree of flame retardancy, and whiteness also get improved.…”
In this paper, a Phosphorous ‐ Aluminium ‐ Nitride synergistic flame retardant (PAN) was synthesized by phosphoric acid, glycerol, aluminium sulfate and urea, though a one‐pot process. The PAN was durably grafted onto the surface of cotton fabric by the simple process of soak‐dry‐cure. At the same time, the synergistic effect of the aluminium element and Phosphorous ‐ Nitrogen flame retardants (PN) was investigated. The flame‐retardant effect is the best when the conttent of alumium is 2.5 mol% (percentage of phosphoricacid) in PAN. The analyses of FTIR and XPS results suggested that PAN was grafted onto the cotton by forming a strong P−O‐C covalent bond on the surface of fiber. The SEM and Whiteness test proved that the flame‐retardant finishing cotton fabric do possess good morphology and whiteness. The thermal stability and flame retardancy of the PAN treated cotton fabric were assessed by TG and vertical flammability test. Then, found the aluminium sulfate in PAN had synergistic effect, and the PAN had significant flame retardancy in application.
“…Aluminium hydroxide (AH) and aluminium hypophosphite(AHP) as flame retardant are commonly used in plastic and fibers, such as polylactic acid, polypropylene, cellulose fibers, and so on . In addition to AHP and AH, aluminium‐containing compounds are also used as flame retardant for some special materials, like glass fiber, polyamide .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 92%
“…Aluminium hydroxide (AH) and aluminium hypophosphite (AHP) as flame retardant are commonly used in plastic and fibers, such as polylactic acid, polypropylene, cellulose fibers, and so on. [22][23][24][25][26][27] In addition to AHP and AH, aluminiumcontaining compounds are also used as flame retardant for some special materials, like glass fiber, polyamide. [28,29] For the flame retardant of cotton fabrics, the cotton fabric treated by AHP has a certain degree of flame retardancy, and whiteness also get improved.…”
In this paper, a Phosphorous ‐ Aluminium ‐ Nitride synergistic flame retardant (PAN) was synthesized by phosphoric acid, glycerol, aluminium sulfate and urea, though a one‐pot process. The PAN was durably grafted onto the surface of cotton fabric by the simple process of soak‐dry‐cure. At the same time, the synergistic effect of the aluminium element and Phosphorous ‐ Nitrogen flame retardants (PN) was investigated. The flame‐retardant effect is the best when the conttent of alumium is 2.5 mol% (percentage of phosphoricacid) in PAN. The analyses of FTIR and XPS results suggested that PAN was grafted onto the cotton by forming a strong P−O‐C covalent bond on the surface of fiber. The SEM and Whiteness test proved that the flame‐retardant finishing cotton fabric do possess good morphology and whiteness. The thermal stability and flame retardancy of the PAN treated cotton fabric were assessed by TG and vertical flammability test. Then, found the aluminium sulfate in PAN had synergistic effect, and the PAN had significant flame retardancy in application.
“…Development of phosphorous‐based flame retardants (FRs) is a promising area of research as they function as alternatives to halogenated FRs 1 because halogenated FRs are toxic and release acidic fumes on the ignition and are also difficult to recycle 2 . In addition to phosphorus‐based FRs, nitrogen‐based FRs, 3 boron‐based FRs, 4,5 silicon‐based FRs, 6,7 metal hydroxide–based FRs, 8,9 and biochar 10 are widely used as nonhalogenated FRs. Recently, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C 3 N 4 ) and MXene hybrids have attained much interest as nonhalogenated FRs owing to their 2D packing structure and excellent thermal stabilities 11‐13 .…”
A novel class of phosphorous‐containing polyurethane triazoles (PUTs) with self‐extinguishing property is reported. Initially, a set of new urethane diazide monomers were synthesized by reacting diisocyanates (DI) (isophorone (IPDI), hexamethylene (HDI), and toluene (TDI)) with 2‐azidoethanol and characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and ESI‐MS analysis. Later, the corresponding PUTs were synthesized via azide–alkyne cycloaddition of urethane diazides with triprop‐2‐ynyl phosphate under solvent‐free and catalyst‐free conditions at 80°C via thermal polymerization. Cure kinetic study of the thermally induced polymerization of PUTs was performed to correlate with isocyanate functionality. The activation energies (Ea) of the PUTs derived from nonisothermal multiheating rate DSC tests were fitted to Borchardt–Daniels model. The Ea's were found to be proportional to heating rates for all PUTs and confirmed optimum percentage conversion at lower heating rates. The experimental findings were found to corroborate well with Borchardt–Daniels model. The PUTs were characterized by FTIR, TGA, DSC, MCC, LOI, lab‐scale flame tests, and EDX analysis. All PUTs were self‐extinguishable, but TD‐PUT with aromatic functionality (TDI‐based) demonstrated superior extinguishing performance with lowest total heat release (6.11 kJ/g), peak heat release rate (42.04 W/g), heat release capacity (85.59 J/g K), and 31% LOI comparatively. Lab‐scale flame tests on PUTs confirmed their self‐extinguishing property with little or no smoke evolution. Such PUT resins can be blended with conventional polyurethane coatings for fire‐retardant applications.
“…14 ). Al(OH) 3 acts as a smoke-suppressant agent in polymers by promoting char formation through cross-linking, particularly in the presence of phosphate; which in this case may be responsible for more of the biomass content being found within the solid residue fraction [ 39 ]. Fig.…”
Electro-coagulation floatation (ECF) is a foam-floatation dewatering method that has been shown to be a highly effective, rapid, and scalable separation methodology. In this manuscript, an in-depth analysis of the gas and flocculant levels observed during the process is provided, with microbubbles observed in the 5–80 μm size range at a concentration of 10
2
–10
3
bubbles mL
−1
. Electrolysis of microalgae culture was then observed, demonstrating both effective separation using aluminium electrodes (nine microalgal species tested, 1–40 μm size range, motile and non-motile, marine and freshwater), and sterilisation of culture through bleaching with inert titanium electrodes. Atomic force microscopy was used to visualise floc formation in the presence and absence of algae, showing nanoscale structures on the magnitude of 40–400 nm and entrapped microalgal cells. Improvements to aid industrial biotechnology processing were investigated: protein-doping was found to improve foam stability without inducing cell lysis, and an oxalate buffer wash regime was found to dissolve the flocculant whilst producing no observable difference in the final algal lipid or pigment profiles, leaving the cells viable at the end of the process. ECF separated microalgal culture had an algal biomass loading of 13% and as such was ideal for direct down-stream processing through hydrothermal liquefaction. High bio-crude yields were achieved, though this was reduced slightly on addition of the Al(OH)
3
after ECF, with carbon being distributed away to the aqueous and solid residue phases. The amenability and compatibility of ECF to integration with, or replacement of, existing centrifugation and settling processes suggests this process may be of significant interest to the biotechnology industry.
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