Synergistic effect of Sn doping and hydrogenation on hematite electrodes for photoelectrochemical water oxidation

Abstract

A hematite photoanode with dual-modification by Sn doping and H2 treatment exhibits outstanding photoelectrochemical water splitting performance with improved charge transport and separation because of the synchronous presence of Sn4+ and Vo.

Enhancing photocatalytic efficiency with hematite photoanodes: principles, properties, and strategies for surface, bulk, and interface charge transfer improvement

“…Incorporating heteroatoms into hematite through doping can significantly enhance carrier mobility and density. 88 By improving carrier mobility (resulting in a faster drift velocity within the built-in field) and density (increasing band bending and intensifying the built-in field), the doping process can effectively reduce recombination. N-type doping, which involves the substitution of Fe 3+ ions with tetravalent and pentavalent ions, is commonly employed to achieve this.…”

Photoelectrochemical properties of butane reduced flame‐treated Zr‐doped hematite thin films

“…17 Creating intrinsic defects such as oxygen vacancies is a novel approach for modifying the metal oxide's optical and electrical properties by increasing donor densities. [18][19][20] There are several methods to introduce the oxygen vacancies in transition metal oxides, including hydrogenation, [21][22][23][24][25][26] thermal annealing in oxygen-deficient environment, [27][28][29] electrochemical reduction, [30][31][32] chemical reduction, 33,34 partial oxidation, 35,36 and flamereduction method. [37][38][39][40] Khan et al 38 synthesized the TiO 2 by flame-treatment of titanium metal substrates using natural gas.…”