Synergistic effect of piperazine pyrophosphate and epoxy-octavinyl silsesquioxane on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

Li, Shansu; Yuan, Liu; Liu, Yuansen; Wang, Qi

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109115

Cited by 73 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…12 Thanks to the high phosphorus content (23.5%) and the piperazine structure in PAPP, it possesses all three components of an intumescent system, namely, the acid source, charring agent, and blowing agent, which can react quickly during combustion, thereby exerting a better fireretardant effect. Currently, it has been used to impart polymeric materials with good fire performance, such as thermoplastic elastomers, 13 glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6, 14 epoxy resin, 15 and polypropylene. 16 Unfortunately, it was reported that PAPP usually showed limited flame retardant efficiency when used alone.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…16 Unfortunately, it was reported that PAPP usually showed limited flame retardant efficiency when used alone. 12 to get better fire performance, some intumescent systems have been developed using synergists, such as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, 15 aluminum diethylphosphinate, 11 and melamine polyphosphate. 17 Zinc borate is a versatile flame retardant due to the major advantages, such as smoke suppressant, afterglow suppressant, and synergistic agent properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unfortunately, it was reported that PAPP usually showed limited flame retardant efficiency when used alone . In order to get better fire performance, some intumescent systems have been developed using synergists, such as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane, aluminum diethylphosphinate, and melamine polyphosphate . Zinc borate is a versatile flame retardant due to the major advantages, such as smoke suppressant, afterglow suppressant, and synergistic agent properties. − Previous studies have shown that the combination of zinc borate and intumescent systems (e.g., ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/melamine system) in several kinds of polymers improved the char quality and promote the char formation, leading to the enhancement of fire retardancy. ,, Those characteristics enable zinc borate to be employed as a potential synergist in the intumescent PBS system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improvement of Flame Retardancy and Antidripping Properties of Intumescent Polybutylene Succinate Combining Piperazine Pyrophosphate and Zinc Borate

Xiao

Fontaine

Bourbigot

2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Developing flame-retarded polybutylene succinate (PBS) is a challenging task owing to its high flammability, noncharring, and melt-dripping during burning. In this work, based on the synergistic combination between piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) and zinc borate (ZnB), a promising intumescent PBS system was developed as an efficient strategy to impart PBS with improved flame retardancy and antidripping properties. The results showed that PBS/PAPP15%/ZnB5% passed V-0 rating in the UL-94 vertical burning test (3 mm), while only a V-2 rating was achieved for PBS/PAPP20%. Compared to PBS/PAPP20%, the combination of PAPP and zinc borate (ratio of 15:5) led to significant reductions in the peak heat release rate (pHRR, −55%), fire growth rate index (FIGRA, −40%), and maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE, −47%) evaluated by mass loss cone calorimetry. Meanwhile, the flame retardancy index of PBS/PAPP15%/ZnB5% reached up to 5.18 and the flameout time significantly increased to 1049 s. Fourier transform infrared and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance analyses were employed to gain insight into the reaction-to-fire mechanism in the condensed phase. The results confirmed the fact that the formation of a crackfree protective intumescent char layer, reinforced by thermally stable inorganic species (boron−zinc phosphates), effectively restricted the heat and fuel transfer between condensed and gas phases, hence resulting in the excellent enhancement in flame retardancy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improvement of Flame Retardancy and Antidripping Properties of Intumescent Polybutylene Succinate Combining Piperazine Pyrophosphate and Zinc Borate

Xiao

Fontaine

Bourbigot

2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…57 Meanwhile, the piperazine unit in PAPP decomposed into vinylidene group and underwent cross-linking and charring process, which can promote the carbonization of PLA. 58 A part of triazine unit in MCA together with the phosphorus generated from PAPP retained in the carbon residue to enhance the stability of carbon residue and form the compact and continuous carbon layer. Moreover, MCA mainly decomposed to a large amount of nonflammable gaseous, such as ammonia and water, which not only dilute the concentration of combustible gases but also expand the carbon layer to inhibit the combustion.…”

Section: Mechanical Properties Of Pla1 Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retardancy ofbiodegradablepolylactic acid with piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine cyanurate as flame retardant

Chen

Xia²,

Wang

et al. 2022

Journal of Fire Sciences

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A flame-retardant polylactic acid composite added with piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine cyanurate was developed. Piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine cyanurate showed synergistic effect in the polylactic acid composites. When the weight ratio of piperazine pyrophosphate to melamine cyanurate was 4:1 and the loading of the piperazine pyrophosphate/melamine cyanurate flame retardant was 15 wt.%, the prepared polylactic acid composites passed V-0 rating in the UL-94 test and achieved the high limit oxygen index value of 34.9%. The cone calorimeter test result confirmed that the addition of piperazine pyrophosphate/melamine cyanurate flame retardant reduced the total heat release value of polylactic acid. The effect of polylactic acid biodegradation on the flame retardancy of polylactic acid composite was further discussed. The biodegraded polylactic acid, which was exposed to the air for 8 months, showed high flame retardancy and even passed V-0 rating in the UL-94 test without the addition of piperazine pyrophosphate/melamine cyanurate flame retardant, which proved that biodegradation could affect the flame retardancy of polylactic acid.

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“…Considering the analysis results of EP/PPSA discussed above, the flame-retardant mechanism is described below (Figure 11). When EP/PPSA is exposed to heat, the phosphorus groups in PPSA are pyrolyzed to phosphoric acid derivatives and some volatile substances are produced, 70 which can promote the generation of residual carbon and dilute the combustible gas. Several free radical species (e.g., POÁ and PO 2 Á) produced by the decomposition of PPSA are able to react with active free radicals (OÁ and HOÁ) to form hypophosphite.…”

Section: Flame-retardant Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne): Widening the application potential in epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical property, and unimpaired thermal stability

Chen

Zheng

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Aimed at promoting the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP) and widening its applications, a novel flame retardant, poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne) (PPSA), is synthesized from poly(silicon‐alkyne) and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phenanthroline‐10‐oxide (DOPO) to modify EP. The structure of PPSA is characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The PPSA introduction into EP significantly improves its chemical and physical properties. When containing 2.5–10 phr of PPSA, the modified EP achieve better flame resistance capability than neat EP. In particular, EP/PPSA‐5.0 reaches a limiting oxygen index value of 31.2% and passes vertical burning test (UL‐94) V‐0 rating at the same time. The total heat release and total smoke production are lowered by 31.1% and 24.9%, respectively. In addition, the initial decomposition temperature (T5%) of the modified EP is basically unchanged thanks to good stability of PPSA. Characterization of char residues generated in the combustion of EP/PPSA reveals that PPSA protects the EP from fire by diluting flammable gas with phosphorus free radicals and forming compact thermal stable layer containing silicon and phosphorus. Subsequently, measurements of mechanical properties show that impact strength and flexural strength are markedly improved by PPSA incorporation. Therefore, PPSA modifies EP to obtain excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties, justifying an outstanding flame retardant with comprehensive properties.

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Synergistic effect of piperazine pyrophosphate and epoxy-octavinyl silsesquioxane on flame retardancy and mechanical properties of epoxy resin

Cited by 73 publications

References 37 publications

Improvement of Flame Retardancy and Antidripping Properties of Intumescent Polybutylene Succinate Combining Piperazine Pyrophosphate and Zinc Borate

Improvement of Flame Retardancy and Antidripping Properties of Intumescent Polybutylene Succinate Combining Piperazine Pyrophosphate and Zinc Borate

Flame retardancy ofbiodegradablepolylactic acid with piperazine pyrophosphate and melamine cyanurate as flame retardant

Poly(phosphorus‐silicon‐alkyne): Widening the application potential in epoxy resin with excellent flame retardancy, mechanical property, and unimpaired thermal stability

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