Synergistic effect of n-3 PUFA and probiotic supplementation on bone loss induced by chronic mild stress through the brain–gut–bone axis

Synergistic antidepressant-like effects of biotics and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on dopaminergic pathway through the brain-gut axis in rats exposed to chronic mild stress

“…Consistent with the present study, previous studies have shown that n-3 PUFA and krill oil (rich in n-3 PUFA) increase the concentrations of DA and SCFA, and the expression of TH, and pCREB in the brain of depressed rodents exposed to CMS [8, 9,29] and FST [11]. In the placenta of pregnant women, supplementation of n-3 PUFA during gestation and postpartum increased the gene expression of LAT1 compared to that in the control group [30].…”

“…Our previous studies showed that n-3 PUFA increased the concentration of SCFA, while decreasing the expression of pCREB in the gut of rats exposed to CMS [8,9]. Patel et al [35] reported that butyric acid increased the transcription of TH by upregulating gene promoter in the adrenal gland organ cell.…”

“…Our previous studies reported that supplementation of biotics including probiotics and postbiotics, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) had antidepressant-like effects by modulating the serotonergic pathway in the brain and gut of rats exposed to CMS [8,9]. Administration of n-3 PUFA increased the concentration of DA and the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme of DA, in the brain of depressed mice exposed to the forced swimming test (FST) [10,11].…”

“…Administration of postbiotics also increased the DA concentration in the brain of depressed mice treated with corticosterone (CORT) [17] and Salmonella [18]. Furthermore, our previous studies showed that supplementation of probiotics, postbiotics, and n-3 PUFA increased the gut concentration of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), known gene promoter activators of TH, in depressed rats exposed to CMS [8,9]. However, the effects of probiotics, postbiotics, and n-3 PUFA on the brain and gut dopaminergic pathway have not been studied yet.…”

“…Our previous studies have shown that supplementation of probiotics and postbiotics combined with n-3 PUFA had a synergistic effect on the serotonergic pathway in the brain and gut of depressed rats exposed to CMS [8,9]. Valent et al [19] also showed that supplementation of probiotics combined with n-3 PUFA signi cantly increased the brain concentration of total DA, compared to probiotics alone in obese mice.…”