Synergistic Effect of Hybridized Cellulose Nanocrystals and Organically Modified Montmorillonite on κ-Carrageenan Bionanocomposites

Abstract

The synergistic effect of using κ-carrageenan bionanocomposites with the hybridization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) reinforcements was studied. The effects of different reinforcements and filler contents were evaluated through mechanical testing, and morphological and water uptake properties. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of both bionanocomposites increased with filler loading and optimized at 4%. OMMT incorporation into the κ-carrageenan/CNCs bionanocomposites resulted in further mechanical property improvement with an optimum ratio of 1:1 (CNCs:OMMT) while maintaining high film transparency. X-ray diffraction and morphological analyses revealed that intercalation occurred between the κ-carrageenan bionanocomposite matrix and OMMT. The water uptake of the κ-carrageenan bionanocomposites was significantly reduced by the addition of both CNCs and OMMT. The enhancements in the mechanical properties and performance of the hybrid bionanocomposite indicate compatibility among the reinforcement, biopolymer, and well-dispersed nanoparticles. This renders the hybrid CNC/OMMT/κ-carrageenan nanocomposites extremely promising for food packaging applications.

Reinforcement of Refined and Semi-Refined Carrageenan Film with Nanocellulose

“…In synthetic polymer composites, NC inclusion in the film matrix is reported to render more ecofriendly, light-weight composites [26], whereas in bio-based polymers, NC inclusion has been reported to enhance the barrier, mechanical, and thermal properties of the resultant films [27,28]. Although previous studies have reported some positive outcomes of NC inclusion into RC films [20,29,30], no studies have been conducted using SRC to the best of our knowledge. Even though the main component in SRC, namely k-carrageenan, is the same as that in conventional RC, the overall composition of these two products has shown quite distinct molecular structures, particularly in regard to the presence of insoluble components in their polymer matrices [31,32].…”

The Effects of Geometry and Chemical Composition of Nanoparticles on The Fracture Toughness of iPP Nanocomposites

“…The total filler composition was 4%, with a ratio of 1:1 among the fillers. This led to the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus [5].Another property that can present a hybrid effect is toughness, as was demonstrated in our previous work; here, the PVB (polyvinyl butyral) that contained both surface-treated CNT and nanoclay introduced an improvement of 181% versus neat PVB [6]. El Miri et al produced a system of PVA with cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and graphene oxide nanosheets (GON).…”

“…The total filler composition was 4%, with a ratio of 1:1 among the fillers. This led to the highest tensile strength and Young's modulus [5].…”

Cellulosenanocrystals‐organicmontmorillonite nanohybrid material by electrostatic self‐assembly

“…Although the hybrid materials composed of CNC and other inorganic nanoparticles have been extensively studied, the CNC–OMMT nanohybrid material has rarely been reported. Most of the literature focused on the separate addition of CNC or MMT as a single nanofiller [ 26,27 ] or the simultaneous addition of CNC and MMT as two individual nanofillers [ 28,29 ] into a polymer matrix. Before blending, CNC or MMT existed as a single filler without any interaction.…”