Synergistic Effect of Biomaterial and Stem Cell for Skin Tissue Engineering in Cutaneous Wound Healing: A Concise Review

Abstract

Skin tissue engineering has made remarkable progress in wound healing treatment with the advent of newer fabrication strategies using natural/synthetic polymers and stem cells. Stem cell therapy is used to treat a wide range of injuries and degenerative diseases of the skin. Nevertheless, many related studies demonstrated modest improvement in organ functions due to the low survival rate of transplanted cells at the targeted injured area. Thus, incorporating stem cells into biomaterial offer niches to transplanted stem cells, enhancing their delivery and therapeutic effects. Currently, through the skin tissue engineering approach, many attempts have employed biomaterials as a platform to improve the engraftment of implanted cells and facilitate the function of exogenous cells by mimicking the tissue microenvironment. This review aims to identify the limitations of stem cell therapy in wound healing treatment and potentially highlight how the use of various biomaterials can enhance the therapeutic efficiency of stem cells in tissue regeneration post-implantation. Moreover, the review discusses the combined effects of stem cells and biomaterials in in vitro and in vivo settings followed by identifying the key factors contributing to the treatment outcomes. Apart from stem cells and biomaterials, the role of growth factors and other cellular substitutes used in effective wound healing treatment has been mentioned. In conclusion, the synergistic effect of biomaterials and stem cells provided significant effectiveness in therapeutic outcomes mainly in wound healing improvement.

Wound Healing with Electrical Stimulation Technologies: A Review

“…In another study, electrospun PVDF nanofibers, aluminium foils, and aluminium electrodes were used to make a piezoelectric nanogenerator, which was then attached to the centre of the adhesive hydrogel of polydopamine-polyacrylamide to be applied to the full thickness of the rat wound model. The result showed complete epithelisation on day 10 compared to 22.7% of the wound area remaining open in the control group [152]. The piezoelectric nanogenerator generated an average of 0.1-0.5 V of ES, which leads to an increased expression of CD 31, VEGF-A, and TGF-β1 in the wound with no impact onto the blood, liver, and renal profile.…”

Systems for Muscle Cell Differentiation: From Bioengineering to Future Food

“…In contrast to iPSCs, adult stem cells do not exhibit pluripotency but display multipotency instead. Many studies have demonstrated the structural and regeneration capabilities of adult cells, whereby they self-renew to replenish dying cells and aid in the regeneration of damaged cells [12]. Adult stem cells are also known as resident stem cells, which are populations of undifferentiated stem cells found in various tissues throughout the body.…”

Progress in the Development of Graphene-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regeneration

“…Tissue engineering can restore, maintain, or improve the function of a tissue or entire organ by using a combination of cells, biomaterials, and appropriate biochemical factors [ 3 , 4 ]. In recent years, tissue-engineering-based therapies have been widely applied to bone [ 5 ], skin [ 6 ], cardiovascular [ 7 ], nerve [ 8 ], dental [ 9 ] and muscle [ 10 ] tissues ( Figure 1 ). The wound-healing and orthopedic applications have been approved for clinical trials by the Food and Drug Administration and are already available for commercial use [ 11 ].…”