Synergistic antitumor effect of all-trans retinoic acid on regorafenib-treated human colon cancer cell lines via modulation of the AMPK/VEGF/ERK/NFKB/caspase-3 signaling axis
Abstract:Purpose
Colon cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Angiogenesis mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays important roles in cancer progression, and activated mitogen protein kinase (AMPK) has also been shown to exert both positive and negative effects on angiogenesis and different oncogenic signaling pathways. The multikinase inhibitor regorafenib prevents the activation of numerous kinases involved in angiogenesis, proliferation, and metastasis. All-tra… Show more
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