Synergism and Subadditivity of Verbascoside-Lignans and -Iridoids Binary Mixtures Isolated from Castilleja tenuiflora Benth. on NF-κB/AP-1 Inhibition Activity

Abstract

Pharmacodynamic interactions between plant isolated compounds are important to understand the mode of action of an herbal extract to formulate or create better standardized extracts, phytomedicines, or phytopharmaceuticals. In this work, we propose binary mixtures using a leader compound to found pharmacodynamic interactions in inhibition of the NF-κB/AP-1 pathway using RAW-Blue™ cells. Eight compounds were isolated from Castilleja tenuiflora, four were new furofuran-type lignans for the species magnolin, eudesmin, sesamin, and kobusin. Magnolin (60.97%) was the most effective lignan inhibiting the NF-κB/AP-1 pathway, followed by eudesmin (56.82%), tenuifloroside (52.91%), sesamin (52.63%), and kobusin (45.45%). Verbascoside, a major compound contained in wild C. tenuiflora showed an inhibitory effect on NF-κB/AP-1. This polyphenol was chosen as a leader compound for binary mixtures. Verbacoside-aucubin and verbascoside-kobusin produced synergism, while verbascoside-tenuifloroside had subadditivity in all concentrations. Verbascoside-kobusin is a promising mixture to use on NF-κB/AP-1 related diseases and anti-inflammatory C. tenuiflora-based phytomedicines.

Bio-guided isolation of a new sesquiterpene fromArtemisia cinawith anthelmintic activity againstHaemonchus contortusL3infective larvae

“…The gradient system was as follows: 0–8 min, 100–0% B; 9–12 min, 90–10% B; 13–15 min, 80–20% B; 16–20 min, 70–30%, 21–25 min, 0–100% B, and 26–28 min 100–0% B. The flow rate was set at 1 mL/min, with a sample concentration of 2 mg/mL and an injection volume of 10 μL[19]. The absorption was measured at λ= 205 nm to visualize terpenes.…”

Bio-guided isolation of a new sesquiterpene from Artemisia cina with anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus L3 infective larvae

“…The gradient system was as follows: 0–8 min, 100–0% B; 9–12 min, 90–10% B; 13–15 min, 80–20% B; 16–20 min, 70–30%, 21–25 min, 0–100% B, and 26–28 min 100–0% B. The flow rate was set at 1 mL/min, with a 2 mg/mL sample concentration and an injection volume of 10 μL [ 12 ]. The absorption was measured at λ = 205 nm to visualize terpenes.…”

Understanding Artemisia cina Ethyl Acetate Extract’s Anthelmintic Effect on Haemonchus contortus Eggs and L3 Larvae: The Synergism of Peruvin Binary Mixtures

“…The gradient system employed was as follows: 0–8 min, transitioning from 100% to 0% B; 9–12 min, shifting from 90% to 10% B; 13–15 min, changing from 80% to 20% B; 16–20 min, varying from 70% to 30% B; 21–25 min, transitioning from 0% to 100% B; and 26–28 min, maintaining 100% B. The flow rate was set at 1 mL/min, and the injection volume was ten μL [ 10 ].…”

“…Plant extracts are a complex matrix of bioactive compounds, and it is not easy to understand their mechanism of action. The methodological approach involving binary mixtures with a main compound and compounds of interest leads to the discovery of pharmacological interactions desirable for formulating plant-based pharmaceutical preparations [ 10 ]. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of pharmacodynamic interactions among bioactive compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of A. cina with anthelmintic effects on eggs and L 3 infective larvae of H. contortus .…”