Synergic Effect of Phthalide Lactones and Fluconazole and Its New Analogues as a Factor Limiting the Use of Azole Drugs against Candidiasis

Abstract

The resistance of Candida albicans and other pathogenic yeasts to azole antifungal drugs has increased rapidly in recent years and is a significant problem in clinical therapy. The current state of pharmacological knowledge precludes the withdrawal of azole drugs, as no other active substances have yet been developed that could effectively replace them. Therefore, one of the anti-yeast strategies may be therapies that can rely on the synergistic action of natural compounds and azoles, limiting the use of azole drugs against candidiasis. Synergy assays performed in vitro were used to assess drug interactions Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index. The synergistic effect of fluconazole (1) and three synthetic lactones identical to those naturally occurring in celery plants—3-n-butylphthalide (2), 3-n-butylidenephthalide (3), 3-n-butyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrophthalide (4)—against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, C. albicans ATCC 2091, and C. guilliermondii KKP 3390 was compared with the performance of the individual compounds separately. MIC90 (the amount of fungistatic substance (in µg/mL) inhibiting yeast growth by 90%) was determined as 5.96–6.25 µg/mL for fluconazole (1) and 92–150 µg/mL for lactones 2–4. With the simultaneous administration of fluconazole (1) and one of the lactones 2–4, it was found that they act synergistically, and to achieve the same effect it is sufficient to use 0.58–6.73 µg/mL fluconazole (1) and 1.26–20.18 µg/mL of lactones 2–4. As fluconazole and phthalide lactones show synergy, 11 new fluconazole analogues with lower toxicity and lower inhibitory activity for CYP2C19, CYP1A2, and CYP2C9, were designed after in silico testing. The lipophilicity was also analyzed. A three-carbon alcohol with two rings was preserved. In all compounds 5–15, the 1,2,4-triazole rings were replaced with 1,2,3-triazole or tetrazole rings. The hydroxyl group was free or esterified with phenylacetic acid or thiophene-2-carboxylic acid chlorides or with adipic acid. In structures 11 and 12 the hydroxyl group was replaced with the fragment -CH2Cl or = CH2. Additionally, the difluorophenyl ring was replaced with unsubstituted phenyl. The structures of the obtained compounds were determined by 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Molecular masses were established by GC-MS or elemental analysis. The MIC50 and MIC90 of all compounds 1–15 were determined against Candida albicans ATCC 10231, C. albicans ATCC 2091, AM 38/20, C. guilliermondii KKP 3390, and C. zeylanoides KKP 3528. The MIC50 values for the newly prepared compounds ranged from 38.45 to 260.81 µg/mL. The 90% inhibitory dose was at least twice as high. Large differences in the effect of fluconazole analogues 5–15 on individual strains were observed. A synergistic effect on three strains—Candida albicans ATCC 10231, C. albicans ATCC 2091, C. guilliermondii KKP 339—was observed. Fractional inhibitory concentrations FIC50 and FIC90 were tested for the most active lactone, 3-n-butylphthalide, and seven fluconazole analogues. The strongest synergistic effect was observed for the strain C. albicans ATCC 10231, FIC 0.04–0.48. The growth inhibitory amount of azole is from 25 to 55 µg/mL and from 3.13 to 25.3 µg/mL for 3-n-butylphthalide. Based on biological research, the influence of the structure on the fungistatic activity and the synergistic effect were determined.

Fungistatic Effect of Phthalide Lactones on Rhodotorula mucilaginosa

“…Figure 1 shows the mechanism of synergistic interactions between 3-n-butylphthalide and fluconazole. In our latest publication, we confirmed that this effect was shown not only by 3-n-butylphthalide but also by 3-n-butylidenephthalide and 3-n-butyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrophthalide [15].…”

“…The checkerboard protocol previously described in the literature was used to determine the effects of 3- n -butylidenephthalide ( 1 ) and fluconazole ( 8 ) in combination [ 15 , 42 ].…”

“…To test the synergistic effect of the compounds, a checkerboard method was performed based on the methods described by Pillai et al [ 42 ] and Krężel et al [ 15 ]. Sabouraud medium was used for all tests.…”

“…This phenomenon has been studied in various strains of Candida , including drug-resistant strains. In the case of C. albicans , a synergistic effect with fluconazole and 3- n -butylphthalide allowed for a 5–20-fold reduction in the doses [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. The aforementioned 3- n -butylphthalide belongs to the group of phthalide lactones and is found in various celery plants: Angelica archangelica (angelica), A. sinensis (Chinese angelica), Apium graveolens (celery), Cnidium officinale , and Levisticum officinale (lovage) [ 16 ].…”

Chemo-enzymatic synthesis and biological activity evaluation of propenylbenzene derivatives

“…Therefore, we assessed how the structures of these compounds affect their biological activity ( Moradi et al, 2014 ; Siva et al, 2019 ; Bruna et al, 2022 ; Lal et al, 2022 ). In our previous studies on fungistatic activity, we used yeasts of the genus Candida ( Gach et al, 2021 ; Krężel et al, 2022 ) therefore, we used C. albicans strains as the test model in the current study.…”