Synergetic activation of persulfate by heat and Fe(II)-complexes for hydrolyzed polyacrylamide degradation at high pH condition: Kinetics, mechanism, and application potential for filter cake removal during cementing in CO2 storage wells

Filter Cake Removal during the Cementing and Completion Stages in CO2 Storage Wells: Current Developments, Challenges, and Prospects

“…Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology, which aims to remove carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from the atmosphere by reducing fossil CO 2 emissions, has received worldwide attention in recent years. [1][2][3] For the past few decades, people have recognized that anthropogenic CO 2 levels in the atmosphere have continued to rise at an alarming rate. [4,5] In 2015, more than 190 countries signed the Paris Climate Agreement (PCA), which aims to limit global temperature rise to 2 °C above preindustrial levels and strive to stay below 1.5 °C.…”

“…The CCS and oil recovery use steel casing and cement to establish an artificial channel between the surface and the reservoir. [1,8] During drilling, drilling fluid is regarded as the blood in the drilling process because of its indispensable and vital functions, such as balancing the formation pressure, stabilizing the wellbore, transporting cuttings, and cooling the drilling tools. [9][10][11][12][13] Then, a series of preflush or spacer fluids were pumped through the casing to clean the borehole and separate the mud from the cement.…”

“…[14] CCS requires the ability to store more than 99% of CO 2 for thousands or even millions of years. [1] Casing corrosion, [15] cement pore, [16] cement crack, [17] and cement-casing/cementformation interface sealing failure [18,19] will be the possibility DOI: 10.1002/ente.202101134 Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology has become one of the most costeffective and promising ways to achieve global climate change mitigation goals. The CO 2 storage capacity in depleted oil and gas reservoirs is currently the safest and most economical option.…”

“…Filter cakes are usually composed of bentonite, weighting materials (e.g., barite, iron ore powder), and polymers/copolymers (e.g., xanthan gum, starch, and polyacrylamide cellulose) (Figure 1c,d). [1,25,26] Barite, calcium carbonate, iron ore powder, potassium formation, and manganese tetroxide are commonly used as drilling fluid weighting materials to control the formation pressure. [27] Barite is the most commonly used weighting material for drilling fluids in deep-well oil and gas development because of its excellent density adjustment performance, low cost, and easy-to-clear character.…”

“…Interlayer channeling is likely to affect the life of oil and gas wells, their safe production, the oil and gas quality, and the environment. [1,[30][31][32] The removal of filter cakes during completion reduces the damage caused by the interaction between the drilling fluid and the formation, and increases the injectivity of the fluids through the injection wells to maximize the well productivity. [33,34] At present, filter cake removal methods are mainly divided into mechanical, physical, and chemical removal methods.…”