“…Good correlations were observed between the WD profile and porosity within the annual ring of spruce samples. Sedighi-Gilani et al (2014) found that the porosity of LW (27%) is approximately 3 times lower than that of EW (76%). The increased WD and porosity are thus primarily caused by cell wall thickening as well as by cell size reductions in the radial direction.…”
Section: Density Profile Of Untreated Samplesmentioning
Birch and spruce samples were scanned using X-ray computed tomography (CT) to determine changes in the density and density profile caused by thermo-hydro treatment (THT). Smalldimension wood blocks were subjected to treatment at three different temperatures (160C, 170C and 180C) for 1 hour and scanned before and after treatment. Identical acquisition and analysis procedures were used to evaluate the changes in approximate mean density and radial density profile of oven-dried untreated and treated material. The X-ray CT scans enabled measuring of the changes in wood density after THT. The results confirm that there were similar tendencies in the total density decrease with increasing temperature. However, variations in density changes between the earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) of birch and spruce were found. A correlation of the radial density profiles of treated versus untreated specimens showed a similar density decrease in EW and LW in birch wood and inconsistent reductions in spruce wood.
“…Good correlations were observed between the WD profile and porosity within the annual ring of spruce samples. Sedighi-Gilani et al (2014) found that the porosity of LW (27%) is approximately 3 times lower than that of EW (76%). The increased WD and porosity are thus primarily caused by cell wall thickening as well as by cell size reductions in the radial direction.…”
Section: Density Profile Of Untreated Samplesmentioning
Birch and spruce samples were scanned using X-ray computed tomography (CT) to determine changes in the density and density profile caused by thermo-hydro treatment (THT). Smalldimension wood blocks were subjected to treatment at three different temperatures (160C, 170C and 180C) for 1 hour and scanned before and after treatment. Identical acquisition and analysis procedures were used to evaluate the changes in approximate mean density and radial density profile of oven-dried untreated and treated material. The X-ray CT scans enabled measuring of the changes in wood density after THT. The results confirm that there were similar tendencies in the total density decrease with increasing temperature. However, variations in density changes between the earlywood (EW) and latewood (LW) of birch and spruce were found. A correlation of the radial density profiles of treated versus untreated specimens showed a similar density decrease in EW and LW in birch wood and inconsistent reductions in spruce wood.
“…1 ). The correlation between the incident or transmitted beam intensity and the material properties can be related through the Lambert–Beer law [ 31 , 65 ]: where I is transmitted beam, I 0 is incident beam, µ is linear absorption coefficient, and t is the material thickness [ 58 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Capabilities of synchrotron imaging were assessed for disease and infection detection in live plants in a non-invasive way, like visualizing changes in internal features of plants, for detection of fungal infection or decay in the wood [ 31 ], fusarium resistance characterization in wheat [ 51 , 53 ], and understanding insect anatomy for control management practices [ 50 ]. Fusarium is one of the five top priority diseases of wheat in Canada, which not only reduces yield but destroys protein content and results in toxin accumulation in grain [ 53 ].…”
Synchrotron imaging is widely used for research in many scientific disciplines. This article introduces the characteristics of synchrotron X-ray imaging and its applications in agriculture and food science research. The agriculture and food sector are a vast area that comprises of plants, seeds, animals, food and their products; soils with thriving microbial communities; and natural resources such as water, fertilizers, and organic matter. These entities have unique internal features, structures and compositions which differentiate them from each other in varieties, species, grades, and types. The use of a bright and tuneable monochromatic source of synchrotron imaging techniques enables researchers to study the internal features and compositions of plants, seeds, soil and food in a quick and non-destructive way to enhance their use, conservation and productivity. Synchrotron’s different X-ray imaging techniques offer a wide domain of applications, which make them perfect to enhance the understanding of structures of raw and processed food products to promote food safety and security. Therefore, this paper summarizes the results of major experiments carried out with seeds, plants, soil, food and relevant areas of agricultural sciences with more emphasis on two synchrotron X-ray imaging techniques: absorption and phase-contrast imaging and computed tomography.
“…Tomography imaging is an underused technique in plant sciences (Staedler et al , 2013) that may be an alternative for the study of morphological differences between buds. This technique has recently become a consolidated method for the study of xylem and wood characteristics (Mayo et al , 2010; Sedighi Gilani et al , 2014; Cochard et al , 2015; Torres-Ruiz et al , 2015; Choat et al , 2016; Malek et al , 2016; Nardini et al , 2017; Scoffoni et al , 2017; Koddenberg and Militz, 2018), but other plant structures have also been imaged, such as developing maize seeds (Rousseau et al , 2015), tomato leaves (Verboven et al , 2015), and flowers and floral buds (Staedler et al , 2013; Tracy et al , 2017).…”
Grapevine (Vitis spp.) buds must survive winter temperatures in order to resume growth when suitable conditions return in spring. They do so by developing cold hardiness through deep supercooling, but the mechanistic process of supercooling in buds remains largely unknown. Here we use synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging to study cold hardiness-related characteristics of V. amurensis, V. riparia, and V. vinifera buds: time-resolved 2D imaging was used to visualize freezing; and microtomography was used to evaluate morphological changes during deacclimation. Bud cold hardiness was determined (low temperature exotherms; LTEs) using needle thermocouples during 2D imaging as buds were cooled with a N2 gas cryostream. Resolution in 2D imaging did not allow for ice crystal identification, but freezing was assessed due to movement of tissues coinciding with LTE values. Freezing was observed to propagate from the center of the bud toward the outer bud scales. The freezing events observed lasted several minutes. Additionally, loss of supercooling ability appears to be correlated with increases in bud tissue volume during the process of deacclimation, but major increases in volume occur after most of the supercooling ability is lost, suggesting growth resumption processes are limited by deacclimation state.HighlightX-ray phase contrast imaging shows freezing occurs over several minutes and propagates from center toward tip of Vitis spp. buds. Incremental increase in bud volume correlates with cold deacclimation
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