“…In more recent years, substantial effort has gone into identifying the weather patterns and variables that have a synchronizing effect on population dynamics in specific systems. This covers species from a wide range of taxa, such as feral sheep Ovies aries (Grenfell et al 1998), roe deer Capreolus capreolus (Grøtan et al 2005), caribou and reindeer Rangifer tarandus (Post and Forchhammer 2002, 2004, 2006, Hansen et al 2019), passerine birds (Sæther et al 2007), fishes (Cattanéo et al 2003, Tedesco et al 2004), moths (Allstadt et al 2015), aphid pests (Sheppard et al 2016), plants (Koenig and Knops 1998, 2013, Defriez and Reuman 2017), giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Cavanaugh et al 2013), zooplankton (Defriez et al 2016) and phytoplankton (Sheppard et al 2019). Still, almost two decades after Post and Forchhammer (2002) first pointed out the potential importance of climate change, only a handful of studies have attempted to look at how changes in the climate, weather variables and environment over time might influence spatial population synchrony (Post and Forchhammer 2004, Jepsen et al 2009, Allstadt et al 2015, Defriez et al 2016, Koenig and Liebhold 2016, Sheppard et al 2016, Shestakova et al 2016, Defriez and Reuman 2017, Kahilainen et al 2018).…”