Synchrony and Diachrony of Okinawan &lt;i&gt;Kakari Musubi&lt;/i&gt; in Comparative Perspective with Premodern Japanese

Shinzato, Rumiko; Serafim, Leon A.

doi:10.1163/9789004219038

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…As shown in (22), decreasing certainty from the proximal-based focus marker to the distal-based focus marker correlates with the conjugational forms with which they are combined. Shinzato and Serafim (2013) claim that the IZ 'realis' form (combined with the proximal deictic, example (21a)) expresses higher epistemic certainty and is a stronger assertion than the RT form (combined with the mesial deictic, example (21b)). In addition, they consider that the high co-occurrence of the inferential auxiliary (=IA) with the distal focus marker ka (cf.…”

Section: Dmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…(Hattori 1959). According to Shinzato and Serafim (2013), both languages had a three-way demonstrative system, and the three demonstratives (proximal, mesial, and distal) grammaticalized as focus particles in a parallel fashion. This section first summarizes that study and then analyzes the grammaticalization pathways of demonstrative > focus in light of the metaphorical transfer from the spatial domain to the epistemic domain, as discussed in the previous section.…”

Section: Old Japanese and Old Okinawan Demonstrativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…'binding') to end the sentence. These conjugational forms (such as rt and iz in example (21)) are different from the regular sentence ending forms, as they are nominal-like in their syntactic character (Shinzato and Serafim 2013). Of the five Old Japanese kakari particles, three are demonstratives in origin.…”

Section: Old Japanesementioning

confidence: 99%

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Conceptual Domain Transfer in the Grammaticalization of Demonstratives

Shinzato¹

2015

Language and Cognitive Science

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Data from the world's languages illustrate that demonstratives grammaticalize as temporal auxiliaries/copulas, as focus markers, and as visual evidentials. However, these studies were done on the basis of individual languages or a specific grammaticalization path. In contrast, this paper argues that the various grammaticalization patterns of demonstratives reported in the world's languages are not totally isolated, but rather can be united by a single feature, distance: i.e., the spatial distance from the deictic center is conceptually transferred to temporal and evidential /epistemic (speaker's certainty associated with focus markers) domains. Moreover, since studies of this type of semantic extension are often concentrated on languages of Africa, the Americas, and Oceania, this paper adds cases from the Japonic languages to broaden the applicability of the proposed conceptual domain transfer, especially from space to epistemicity (focus). Specifically, this paper discusses the development of the cleft-like kakari musubi construction in Old Japanese and Old Okinawan, in which proximal, mesial, and distal demonstratives grammaticalized as focus markers are used in assertive, assertive/interrogative, and interrogative sentences respectively. It argues that such pathways represent a cognitively sound conceptual domain transfer from space to epistemicity and an embodied inverse relationship between spatial distance and epistemic certainty.

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Section: Dmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Old Japanese and Old Okinawan Demonstrativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conceptual Domain Transfer in the Grammaticalization of Demonstratives

Shinzato¹

2015

Language and Cognitive Science

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“…However, I will not discuss their deictic origin and the correspondence to Okinawan there, so these issues will be briefly discussed in this paragraph. As Serafim & Shinzato (2011) and Shinzato & Serafim (2013) show in detail, cognates of so/zo "focus", ka "question/doubt", and koso "contrast" have also participated in focus concord constructions in Okinawan. (11) from a 16 th~1 7 th century Old Okinawan text is an example with the "doubt" particle gya (also ga, ka), which is presumably a cognate of the Japanese "question/doubt" particle ka.…”

Section: Information-structuring Particlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and structure of focus concord constructions in Old Japanese – a synthesis

Narrog

2019

Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics

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This paper provides a critical analysis of the possible origins and the proposed structures of focus particle constructions with clause-final nominalized predicates in older Japanese, which form part of the so-called kakari-musubi (dependent-concluding) constructions. These constructions typically involve a focused constituent with a specific particle that corresponds to a specific nominalized predicate form. A salient feature of Old Japanese syntax, the focus concord constructions rapidly declined from the 12 th century on and are not preserved in Modern Standard Japanese. This paper first describes the structures involved, and then critically evaluates the most important interpretations that have been assigned to them. As a conclusion, a scenario by which the focus concord constructions may have evolved is proposed.

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“…After spending much of his lifetime studying 7 Besides lexical and grammatical similarities between old Japanese and classical Ryukyuan, Ifa paid special attention to kakari musubi, a syntactic phenomenon found in both languages, which requires a specific predicate ending form that agrees with kakari particles in the sentence. Ifa's pioneering and lasting contribution to the study of kakari musubi is acknowledged in (Shinzato and Serafim 2013).…”

Section: Changing Social Institutions To Serve the Peoplementioning

confidence: 99%

Ifa Fuyū’s Search for Okinawan-Japanese Identity

Ishida

2018

Religions

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This paper focuses on the crucial role played by Ifa Fuyū, the "father of Okinawan studies," in articulating ideas related to Okinawan-Japanese identity. Starting with a brief overview of Ifa's life and work, especially his pioneering work in Ryukyuan linguistics, the author observes how Ifa's progressive and reformist perspective shapes his discourse on religion, language, and history. The author then moves into analyzing a recently discovered wartime article that Ifa wrote in 1945, when he learned in Tokyo that the battle of Okinawa broke out between Japan and the U.S. Ifa's controversial article shows how a strong sense of nationalistic identity was imposed upon Okinawans, on the one hand, while also revealing Ifa's intention to fight prejudice toward Okinawans, on the other. This leads to the broader context of Japan's emergence as a "nation state." Problematizing the question of identity, the author argues that alternative histories of Japan should be taken into account for its proper understanding. Comparing Ifa's view with historian Amino Yoshihiko's thesis on Japan and modernization, the author envisions how identity can be seen as a growing network of plural identities rather than an abstractly imagined monolithic identity.

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Synchrony and Diachrony of Okinawan <i>Kakari Musubi</i> in Comparative Perspective with Premodern Japanese

Cited by 24 publications

References 0 publications

Conceptual Domain Transfer in the Grammaticalization of Demonstratives

Conceptual Domain Transfer in the Grammaticalization of Demonstratives

Origin and structure of focus concord constructions in Old Japanese – a synthesis

Ifa Fuyū’s Search for Okinawan-Japanese Identity

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