“…Rare-earth-doped luminescence materials have wide applications, including phosphors, display monitors, X-ray imaging, scintillators, lasers, and amplifiers for fiber-optic communications. − The luminescence efficiency of these materials is often limited by the dynamics of the rare-earth (RE) ion, which depends on the interaction between RE ions and the host . Among many RE ions, trivalent erbium ion is well-known as an active dopant for many different inorganic lattices, producing white-light emission by adjusting the ratio of blue, green, and red emissions. , In addition, an Er 3+ ion is particularly suitable for the upconversion of infrared to visible light because of a favorable electronic level scheme with equally spaced, long-lived excited states.…”