Synchronization for RF carrier frequency hopped OFDM: analysis and simulation

Physical layer orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing acquisition and timing synchronization security

“…In addition, these symbols are almost always at a fixed position within frame structure of OFDM transmission. The problems of synchronization visibility and symbol periodicity are inherent to various other algorithms , as well as various standards, including WiMAX and LTE. The two simplest attacks presented in this paper highlight the danger that these problems present.…”

“…Without this process, OFDM systems are susceptible to intersymbol interference, intercarrier interference, and loss of orthogonality among OFDM subcarriers. There are a number of algorithms that have been developed for performing this task [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The work performed in this paper is based on the three part, maximum likelihood algorithm designed by Schmidl and Cox [11].…”

Phase warping and differential scrambling attacks against OFDM frequency synchronization

“…Both timing and frequency synchronization are necessary in order to avoid inter-symbol interference (ISI), as well as inter-carrier interference (ICI) and loss of orthogonality among OFDM subcarriers. A number of algorithms have been developed in order to efficiently and robustly perform the synchronization [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]. This paper is based on the symbol timing and carrier frequency offset estimation algorithm designed by Schmidl and Cox [1], which is the maximum likelihood detector for OFDM, and because of its optimality variations of this algorithm are widely used in commercial systems based on OFDM, such as WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE).…”