Synchronization conditions and Real-time constraints in co-simulation and Hardware-in-the-Loop techniques for Cyber–Physical Energy System assessment

An FRTDS Real-Time Simulation Optimized Task Scheduling Algorithm Based on Reinforcement Learning

“…At the same time, we use qi ∈ [1,5] as the input port on each computing component. Similarly, the output ports are qo and qo ∈ [1,3]. Finally, we use ADR to represent the constant 1024.…”

“…We add additional f select in this situation. Since communication can be divided into the modes of obtaining and providing data, we write (3), as shown at the bottom of this page, where I select_o is the set of M and N ports of any computing component, I select_i is the set of F and G ports of any computing component, and I A/E is the set of A and E ports of any computing component. P o equals 1 if the o th selection controls when the I/O output port is used for pipe communication, and is zero otherwise.…”

“…For instance, a low-cost real time simulation system based on a digital signal processor (DSP) was built for educational purposes [1]. [2] emphasized the importance of the analysis of microgrids with a real time digital simulator (RTDS) and [3] built a co-simulation framework that can assess microgrids with hardware-in-the-loop testing approaches. However, with the rapidly increasing simulation scale and the common use of electronic devices, demand for computing may exceed the supply.…”

Hardware-in-the-Loop Assessment Methods

“…Since the objective of the experiment does not directly address fast phenomena, the investigation can proceed with a relaxed real-time constraint and the integration of slower, non-real-time, simulations into HIL. Under assumption of the relaxed testing requirements outlined in [10] and the extension of supported domain couplings and software interfaces, there is thus room for a relaxed variant of hardware-software coupling in laboratory experiments, which we summarize under the term "Quasi-static Power Hardware In-the-Loop" (QsPHIL) [9].…”

“…To this purpose, the digital twins of the equipment are replicated in real-time simulation with the OP5700 RT simulator with their measurements synchronized from the SCADA System. The synchronization step for each measure is chosen according to the conditions proposed in [10] and with respect to: 1/ Physical sampling time of the physical sensors, 2/ Latency between the SCADA server and the RT Simulator. The RT simulator are also responsible for simulating the equipment that are not physically available in the platform (i.e.…”