“…Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the health of bridges, especially the displacement generated by the bridge under load [1]. In addition to strain gauge [2], optical fiber sensor, and accelerometer [3], there are also precise level, robotic total station (RTS) [4][5][6][7][8][9], LiDAR DTMs [10,11], and global navigation satellite system (GNSS) instrument [12][13][14], etc. Strain gauge and optical fiber sensors have limitations in displacement measurement [1], and the calculation of accelerometer by double integration will lead to serious errors [15,16].…”