Synaptic Energy Use and Supply

Harris, Julia J.; Jolivet, Renaud; Attwell, David

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.019

Cited by 1,308 publications

(1,280 citation statements)

References 155 publications

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“…It should go without saying that the ATP content of brain slices is important: ATP is the primary energy currency of all cells; it powers the Na + /K + ATPase that is responsible for the maintenance of the resting membrane potential and the restoration of ionic homeostasis after action potentials and synaptic activity, and which alone accounts for the majority of the brain's energy budget [10,18]. ATP critically regulates the ability of kinases to phosphorylate substrates, and is required for protein synthesis, both of which are important for commonly studied slice phenomena such as long-term potentiation (LTP) [19].…”

Section: Atp: More Than Just Currencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These reactions require PRPP, a product of the pentose phosphate pathway from which ribose-5-phosphate emerges. Ribose-5-phosphate can be formed directly from d-ribose by ribokinase (10), or via isomerisation of inosine (INO)-derived ribose-1-phosphate (14), thereby increasing PRPP levels. Adenine and d-ribose feed into the salvage pathway and increase tissue ATP levels via adenylate kinasemediated phosphorylation of AMP and thence to ATP (3).…”

Section: Atp: More Than Just Currencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Purine Salvage Pathway and the Restoration of Cerebral ATP: Implications for Brain Slice Physiology and Brain Injury

Frenguelli

2017

Neurochem Res

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Brain slices have been the workhorse for many neuroscience labs since the pioneering work of Henry McIlwain in the 1950s. Their utility is undisputed and their acceptance as appropriate models for the central nervous system is widespread, if not universal. However, the skeleton in the closet is that ATP levels in brain slices are lower than those found in vivo, which may have important implications for cellular physiology and plasticity. Far from this being a disadvantage, the ATP-impoverished slice can serve as a useful and experimentally-tractable surrogate for the injured brain, which experiences similar depletion of cellular ATP. We have shown that the restoration of cellular ATP in brain slices to in vivo values is possible with a simple combination of d-ribose and adenine (RibAde), two substrates for ATP synthesis. Restoration of ATP in slices to physiological levels has implications for synaptic transmission and plasticity, whilst in the injured brain in vivo RibAde shows encouraging positive results. Given that ribose, adenine, and a third compound, allopurinol, are all separately in use in man, their combined application after acute brain injury, in accelerating ATP synthesis and increasing the reservoir of the neuroprotective metabolite, adenosine, may help reduce the morbidity associated with stroke and traumatic brain injury.

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Section: Atp: More Than Just Currencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Atp: More Than Just Currencymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Purine Salvage Pathway and the Restoration of Cerebral ATP: Implications for Brain Slice Physiology and Brain Injury

Frenguelli

2017

Neurochem Res

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“…The average action potential is 2 ms long and shows spiking (periodicity) at approximately 5 Hz, although this spiking could be in the range 0.5 and 500 Hz (Ref. 177). A 1 kHz bandwidth can capture most details of a cell, from the single neuron to population activity.…”

Section: Scalable Implantable Microsystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

State-of-the-art MEMS and microsystem tools for brain research

et al. 2017

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Mapping brain activity has received growing worldwide interest because it is expected to improve disease treatment and allow for the development of important neuromorphic computational methods. MEMS and microsystems are expected to continue to offer new and exciting solutions to meet the need for high-density, high-fidelity neural interfaces. Herein, the state-of-the-art in recording and stimulation tools for brain research is reviewed, and some of the most significant technology trends shaping the field of neurotechnology are discussed.

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“…Stimulate it, and it starts to require more, however, the precise increase in energy use by action potentials from baseline in the resting states is thought to be only around 10% or so, with the rest of the energy being used on housekeeping tasks, resting potential, postsynaptic receptors, neurotransmitter recycling, vesical cycling and calcium homeostasis; the brain is thus very efficient at processing [118]. Critically, the majority of the energy is supplied by mitochondria and is consumed at the synapses [119]. Interestingly, calculations suggests that in total, the active brain can generate 27 µmol ATP/g/min, which is not too dissimilar to what a human leg muscle is generating during a marathon [120].…”

Section: The Human Brain Versus a Computermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Hormesis of Thinking: A Deeper Quantum Thermodynamic Perspective?

Nunn¹,

Guy²,

Bell³

2017

Int J Neurorehabilitation Eng

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We are able to read this because of quantum and thermodynamic principles that via an inorganic proton gradient, possibly generated 4.2 billion years ago, gave rise to a system that has an awareness of time and space by using energy to integrate information. Life can be described as a dissipative system driven by an energy gradient that uses information to positively reinforce its self-sustaining structure, which in turn increases its non-linear decisional capacity. Key in the evolution of life has been stress coupled to natural selection, which usually meant an increased demand for energy. As hormesis describes the adaptive response to stress, we propose that hormesis embraces not only the evolution of life, but that of intelligence itself, as natural selection would favour systems that enhances its efficiency. A component of the hormetic response in eukaryotes is the mitochondrion, which itself relies on quantum effects such as tunnelling. This suggests that quantum effects control the stability of individual cells as well as long-lived cellular networks. Hormesis, which can be anti-inflammatory, is therefore key in maintaining the functional stability of complex systems, including the brain. In contrast, a lack of classical hormetic factors, such as physical activity, plant polyphenols, or calorie restriction, will lead to accelerated cognitive decline, which is associated with increased inflammation. However, there may be another previously unidentified factor that could also be considered hormetic, and that is thinking itself. Here we propose that the process of "thinking", and managing complex movement, induces "stress" in the neuronal system and is therefore in itself part of maintaining cognitive health and reserve throughout life. In effect, the right amount of thinking and information processing can beneficially induce adaptation, and this itself could be explainable by quantum thermodynamics.

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Synaptic Energy Use and Supply

Cited by 1,308 publications

References 155 publications

The Purine Salvage Pathway and the Restoration of Cerebral ATP: Implications for Brain Slice Physiology and Brain Injury

The Purine Salvage Pathway and the Restoration of Cerebral ATP: Implications for Brain Slice Physiology and Brain Injury

State-of-the-art MEMS and microsystem tools for brain research

The Hormesis of Thinking: A Deeper Quantum Thermodynamic Perspective?

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