Synaptic and Cellular Basis of Learning

Bailey, Craig H.; Kandel, Eric R.

doi:10.1002/9780470478509.neubb001028

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“…One candidate for cell-molecular homology involves second-messenger systems engaged by repeated activation of a synaptic pathway (e.g., cyclic adenosine-monophosphate, cAMP). Second messengers can induce cellular changes mediated by gene expression, such as the up-regulation or downregulation of synaptic receptors (Bailey and Kandel 2009). Such cellular correlates of learning have been described in Aplysia (mollusk), Drosophila (insect), and rodents (vertebrate) (Kaplan and Abel 2003;Mayford and Kandel 1999;McGuire et al 2005).…”

Section: Important Scientific Research and Open Questions Species Simmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exemplar Learning and Schematization in Language Development

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Early Maladaptive SchemasSchemas are cognitive knowledge structures that serve to consistently bias our interpretations of events. Some of these schemas are derived early in the developmental process, and some of these early schemas provide maladaptive interpretations of events. In other words, some of these schemas typically lead to distorted preconceptions, invalid assumptions, and unrealistic goals and expectations. DefinitionSchemas are cognitive knowledge structures that affect the ways in which we select, interpret, organize, and evaluate life experiences. Some of these schemas are developed at a young age. It is these "early schemas" that tend to be especially pervasive, rigid, stable, and enduring. Obviously, not all of these early schemas are healthy and constructive; some of them are maladaptive. Young (1999) has asserted that these Early Maladaptive Schemas fall into five clusters: (a) a sense of interpersonal disconnection and rejection, (b) a concern for one's personal autonomy, (c) an impaired ability to stay within realistic personal limits, (d) an inability to consistently express one's personal needs, wants, and desires, and (e) an excessive concern about mistakes, resulting in overvigilance to potential mistakes and inhibitions to spontaneous behaviors. Each of these Early Maladaptive Schema clusters play crucial roles in the selection of incoming psychological information, the interpretation of that information, the guiding of future behavior deriving from that information, and the storage of the resulting psychological knowledge in memory. Theoretical BackgroundFor over a century, psychologists have argued that numerous parental behaviors have wide-ranging and significant influence on the thoughts, behaviors, and emotions of children (Maccoby 2007). While the theories explaining this relationship have shifted historically with the psychological paradigm of the time, the conviction has remained that parenting behaviors influence many aspects of children's internal and external lives. Within this context, Piaget (1954) and Bowlby (1980) were instrumental in the seminal suggestions that internal working models of reality are actively generated by children (even at a relatively young age), and that parental practices often contribute in significant ways to the development of these schemas. These theorists went on to assert that the resulting schemas then serve as an organizational framework for the ways in which children make sense of their myriad experiences (sometimes well into their adult years).One parenting practice that has a particularly strong link to maladaptive outcomes for children and N. Seel (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1428-6, # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012 adolescents is authoritarian parenting, in which parents attempt to exercise rigid control over their children with little use of reasoning and rare occasions of parent-child rational give-and-take. Authoritarian parenting is predictive of numerous maladaptive develo...

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Section: Important Scientific Research and Open Questions Species Simmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exemplar Learning and Schematization in Language Development

SpringerReference

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Synaptic and Cellular Basis of Learning

Cited by 1 publication

References 157 publications

Exemplar Learning and Schematization in Language Development

Exemplar Learning and Schematization in Language Development

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