Symptoms of prolonged grief, post-traumatic stress, and depression after loss in a Dutch community sample: A latent class analysis

Djelantik, A. A. A. Manik J.; Smid, Geert E.; Kleber, Rolf J.; Boelen, Paul A.

doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.023

Cited by 84 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 28 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Evidently, few individuals in this group reached the diagnostic criteria for depression, PTSD and PGD, 3%, 2% and 0%, respectively. This finding is consistent with previous research that demonstrates that some bereaved parents could still maintain general physical and psychological health and exhibit resilience in their recovery even after undergoing an extremely traumatic event (Djelantik et al, 2017; Lenferink et al, 2017; Spahni et al, 2015; Zhou et al, 2018). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Previous research has used latent class analysis (LCA) to identify groups of individuals based on the symptoms or symptom clusters of PGD, PTSD and/or depression, e.g. a resilient class, a predominately PGD or PTSD class and a combined PGD/PTSD or PGD/depression or PGD/PTSD/depression class (Boelen, Reijntjes, Aaam, & Smid, 2016; Boelen, Spuij, & Reijntjes, 2017; Djelantik, Smid, Kleber, & Boelen, 2017; Lenferink, De Keijser, Smid, Djelantik, & Boelen, 2017; Maccallum & Bryant, 2018; Nickerson et al, 2014). To our knowledge, only one research project has examined the latent groups among bereaved parents and reported that bereaved parents can be categorised into three different subgroups (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Latent profiles of physical and psychological outcomes of bereaved parents in China who lost their only child

Zhou

Huang

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Along with the implementation of the one-child policy in China, a special group of bereaved parents called ‘shiduer’ (失独者), meaning parents bereaved by the loss of their only child, emerged. Although previous research has examined the physical and psychological health of this population, individual differences in physical and psychological outcomes are still not well understood.Objective: This study aimed to identify heterogenous subgroups of Chinese bereaved parents who lost their only child based on the physical and psychological health of this population as well as the predictive factors of each subgroup.Method: Latent profile analysis was used to explore underlying patterns of physical and psychological indicators including subjective physical health, negative psychological outcomes (i.e. depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and prolonged grief disorder) and positive psychological outcomes (i.e. post-traumatic growth) among a sample of Chinese bereaved parents who lost their only child (N = 536). A three-step approach was used to examine the effects of covariates including quality of spousal relationship and recruitment channels on psychological and physical outcomes.Results: A three-profile model identified severity-based groupings of a ‘resilient’ subgroup (n = 153), a ‘coping’ subgroup (n = 338) and a ‘dysfunctional’ subgroup (n = 45). Less satisfaction with spousal relationship and recruitment from institutions in the community and online self-help groups (vs. offline support groups) are associated with the membership of the ‘coping’ or ‘dysfunctional’ subgroup compared to the ‘resilient’ subgroup.Conclusions: There is heterogeneity regarding the physical and psychological health of Chinese parents after losing their only child. The predictive effects of the quality of spousal relationship and the recruitment channels could provide directions for professional intervention.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latent profiles of physical and psychological outcomes of bereaved parents in China who lost their only child

Zhou

Huang

et al. 2018

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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“…Children’s grief reactions are strongly shaped by their developmental capacities and may therefore be expressed differently than adult’s reactions (Christ, Siegel, & Christ, 2002; Miller, 2009). Furthermore, it is known that the cause of death may influence bereavement outcome (Djelantik et al, 2017). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One could argue that because ‘yearning’ is so commonly experienced by bereaved individuals, it would not be suitable as a predictive symptom for disturbances (Djelantik et al, 2017). However, an often experience of ‘yearning’ was identified as an early indicator of distress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early indicators of problematic grief trajectories following bereavement

Djelantik

Smid

Kleber

et al. 2017

European Journal of Psychotraumatology

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Background: Little is known about the development of Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD) symptoms over time in adults. For clinical purposes, it would be useful to have knowledge about early indicators of a problematic grief trajectory. Objective: This study aimed to identify classes of bereaved individuals with similar trajectories of PGD symptoms and to design a provisional screening tool including symptoms predicting membership of classes with problematic grief trajectories. Method: In a Dutch sample of 166 bereaved individuals, we conducted a latent class analysis to identify classes of bereaved individuals with similar trajectories of PGD symptoms between two time points (mean of 6 and 18 months post-loss, respectively). Next, we used Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses to examine which symptoms at baseline best predicted membership of classes with problematic grief trajectories. Results: We found four different classes: a class including individuals with persistent high PGD symptoms (class 1, 6%), a class of individuals with persistent moderate PGD symptoms (class 2, 35%), a class of individuals with slightly decreasing moderate PGD symptoms (class 3, 33%) and a class of individuals with persistent low PGD symptoms (class 4, 26%). The endorsement of symptoms ‘yearning’, ‘stunned’, ‘life is empty’ and ‘bitterness’ as present ‘often’ during the preceding month at baseline best-predicted membership of class 1 or 2. Conclusions: Two classes of individuals with problematic grief trajectories were identified. Four symptoms were found which could act as early indicators of these two classes in a provisional screening tool.

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Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Psychiatric Conditions Among Bereaved Adults

Rheingold,

Williams,

Bottomley

2024

JAMA Netw Open

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ImportanceRates of grief-related psychiatric conditions, such as prolonged grief disorder (PGD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and major depressive disorder (MDD), among bereaved adults in the US are largely unknown due to limited studies that leverage national samples.ObjectiveTo assess risk factors for and prevalence rates and co-occurrence of PGD, PTSD, and MDD among bereaved adults in the US.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsData for this survey study were collected from a large US panel sample between October 10 and 28, 2022, using a web-based survey. Participants were aged 18 years or older and were proficient in English. Data analysis was conducted between March and June 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresProbable psychiatric conditions were assessed with validated measures that used conservative cutoff scores, duration, and impairment criteria. These measures included the revised Prolonged Grief Disorder scale for PGD, the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 for PTSD, and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for MDD. Data were analyzed using basic descriptives and logistic regression.ResultsA total of 2034 adults (n = 1529 and 505 in the bereaved and comparison groups, respectively) completed the study. Respondents had a mean (SD) age of 40.7 (15.9) years; the majority were women (1314 [64.6%]) and had at least some college experience (1394 [68.5%]). With regard to race and ethnicity, 392 respondents (19.3%) were Black, 138 (6.8%) were Hispanic, and 1357 (66.7%) were White. Among bereaved adults, 312 (20.4%), 518 (33.9%), and 461 (30.2%) met criteria for a presumptive diagnosis of PGD, PTSD, and MDD, respectively. Comorbidities were common, with 441 participants (28.8%) meeting criteria for at least 2 co-occurring disorders. Comorbid PGD, PTSD, and MDD were more common than any 2 co-occurring or isolated disorders; the presence of co-occurring conditions was more likely among respondents who reported a traumatic loss. Age and educational attainment were associated with the risk of psychiatric conditions; less time since the index death, loss of a psychologically close other, and a traumatic loss experience were associated with increased risk of PGD, PTSD, and MDD or their co-occurrence.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, the majority of bereaved adults did not meet presumptive criteria for PGD, PTSD, or MDD. Nevertheless, PGD, PTSD, and MDD were highly prevalent and comorbid, particularly among those who experienced traumatic loss. These findings underscore the need for integrated psychological care that leverages transdiagnostic mechanisms of evidence-based practice.

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Symptoms of prolonged grief, post-traumatic stress, and depression after loss in a Dutch community sample: A latent class analysis

Cited by 84 publications

References 28 publications

Latent profiles of physical and psychological outcomes of bereaved parents in China who lost their only child

Latent profiles of physical and psychological outcomes of bereaved parents in China who lost their only child

Early indicators of problematic grief trajectories following bereavement

Prevalence and Co-Occurrence of Psychiatric Conditions Among Bereaved Adults

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