Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Rotavirus and Norovirus Infections During Infancy in a Chilean Birth Cohort

O’Ryan, Miguel; Lucero, Yalda; Prado, Valeria; Santolaya, Marı́a Elena; Rabello, Marcela; Solis, Yanahara; Berrios, Daniela; O'Ryan-Soriano, Miguel A; Cortés, Hector; Mamaní, Nora

doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e3181a4bb60

Cited by 61 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Comparisons of the average severity scores categorized by different virus infections showed a statistical significant difference only between the group with RV infection alone versus the group with unidentifiable viruses, suggesting that children infected with RV alone likely experience more severe clinical symptoms [Colomba et al, 2006;O'Ryan et al, 2009;O'Ryan et al, 2010]. It is interesting that 99.5% of the pediatric diarrhea patients enrolled in this study were under 2 years of age although we aimed for <5 years, consistent with the findings from other studies in China [Qiao et al, 1999;Fang et al, 2005].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Symptomatic and asymptomatic infections of rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus among hospitalized children in Xi'an, China

Zhang

Chen

Wang

et al. 2011

Journal of Medical Virology

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Rotavirus (RV), norovirus (NoV), and adenovirus (AdV) have been reported as the common viral pathogens of acute gastroenteritis in children. To determine the prevalence of RV, NoV, and AdV infections among hospitalized children with and without symptoms of acute gastroenteritis, fecal specimens, and data on clinical symptoms were collected from 201 children with diarrhea and 53 children without diarrhea admitted to the Xi'an Children's Hospital in Xi'an, China between March 2009 and May 2010. RV, NoV, and AdV were identified in 68.7% (138/201), 20.4% (41/201), and 5.0% (10/201), respectively, of children with diarrhea. These three viruses were also detected in 13.2% (7/53), 35.9% (19/53), and 9.4% (6/53), respectively, of children without diarrhea. Diarrheal children infected with RV alone showed the average severity score of 6.5, statistically significant higher than the average score of 5.3 in children with unidentifiable viruses. GII.3 and GII.4 were the only two NoV genotypes identified, and the GII.4 sequences were genetically close to GII.4 2006b cluster. These findings highlight the importance of NoV as a causative agent of pediatric diarrhea after RV based on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of NoV infection, and particularly convey information of asymptomatic infections of enteric viruses in young children.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Symptomatic and asymptomatic infections of rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus among hospitalized children in Xi'an, China

Zhang

Chen

Wang

et al. 2011

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…Similar results have been reported by Raúl Veláz�uez et al (1993), who observed an incidence of 3.2 episodes/child/year in a cohort of Mexican children followed from birth, with the highest incidence occurring between seven-nive months of age, and by O'Ryan et al (2009), who reported incidences of 0.26 and 0.57 episodes per child in the first and second six months of life, respectively, in Chile.…”

supporting

confidence: 75%

Acute diarrhoea in a community cohort of children who received an oral rotavirus vaccine in Northeast Brazil

Vieira

Gurgel

Kirby

et al. 2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Rotavirus is an important cause of childhood diarrhoea. A monovalent rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix ® ) was introduced into the Immunization Program of Brazil in 2006. In this study, we describe the incidence and burden of disease of rotavirus diarrhoea in two cohorts of children (vaccinated and unvaccinated). We followed two groups of 250 children under one year old, who were enrolled in December 2006 from a low-income residential area inNortheast Brazil. The children were monitored every two weeks for two years. Stool samples from children with diarrhoea were examined for the presence of rotavirus. Rotaviruses were genotyped using real time-polymerase chain reaction. The mean numbers of all-cause diarrhoea episodes/child (adjusted for age) in the first year were 0. 87 and 0.84, in vaccinated and unvaccinated children, respectively. During the second year, the number of episodes/ child decreased to 0.52 and 0.42. Only 16 (4.9%) of 330 stool samples were rotavirus-positive (10 vaccinated and 6 unvaccinated children) and only P[4]G2 rotaviruses were identified. All-cause diarrhoea episodes were more severe in unvaccinated children in the first year of age (p < 0.05), while vaccinated children had more severe episodes 18 months after vaccination. Rotavirus diarrhoea incidence was very low in both groups. Key words: diarrhoea -rotavirus -vaccine -cohort -children -BrazilRotavirus diarrhoea in vaccinated children • Sarah Cristina Fontes Vieira et al. 331ties were visited at home in 2006 and their parents were invited to enrol their children in the study, independent of their vaccination status. The parents of the first 250 children who had received two oral doses of the Rotarix ® vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) at two and four months of age (vaccinated cohort) were invited to participate and a further 250 children who had not received the vaccine comprised the unvaccinated cohort. Vaccination status was verified using the child's vaccination card and the Health Centre's databases. The youngest unvaccinated children registered were selected, despite the fact that the two groups could not be matched by age, as unvaccinated children had to be ineligible for vaccination at the time of enrolment, and therefore at least four months of age. Unvaccinated children serving as the control group were not offered the vaccine due to EPI guidelines that exclude children greater than or e�ual to four months of age to avoid the risk of intussusception among older infants (WHO 2007).After obtaining informed parental consent, all children were visited at home for the following two years, independently of their age at the time of enrolment. Visits were conducted every two weeks by three trained interviewers who in�uired as to whether or not the child had experienced diarrhoea episodes during the previous twoweek period. If the parent indicated that the child had diarrhoea, the interviewer collected information regarding the date of the episode and clinical presentation. The severity of the diarrhoea episodes wa...

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“…Further work is needed to validate the use of a cycle threshold value cutoff for use in studies without a control group. Asymptomatic norovirus infection is very common (1,16,21,(33)(34)(35). Therefore, this quantitative approach provides the most rigorous estimate of norovirus disease burden.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England

et al. 2010

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Existing estimates of the incidence of infectious intestinal disease (IID) caused by norovirus are based on electron microscopy or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Neither method accurately represents norovirus disease burden: Electron microscopy has poor diagnostic sensitivity, and RT-PCR has poor diagnostic specificity. In this study, viral load measurements were used to identify cases of norovirus-associated IID and to produce new incidence estimates for England. IID cases were ascertained in the Study of Infectious Intestinal Disease in England (1993England ( -1996, and stool specimens were tested by semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR for norovirus. The age-adjusted community incidence of norovirus-associated IID was 4.5/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 3.8, 5.2), equating to 2 million episodes/year. Among children aged less than 5 years, the community incidence was 21.4/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 15.9, 27.7), and the incidence of consultations to general practitioners for norovirus-associated IID was 3.2/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 2.6, 3.8), with 100,000 children visiting their general practitioner for norovirus-associated IID each year. Norovirus is the most common cause of IID in the community in England and is responsible for a similar number of pediatric primary care consultations as rotavirus.England; gastroenteritis; incidence; Monte Carlo method; Norovirus; primary health care; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Abbreviations: IID, infectious intestinal disease; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

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Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Rotavirus and Norovirus Infections During Infancy in a Chilean Birth Cohort

Cited by 61 publications

References 34 publications

Symptomatic and asymptomatic infections of rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus among hospitalized children in Xi'an, China

Symptomatic and asymptomatic infections of rotavirus, norovirus, and adenovirus among hospitalized children in Xi'an, China

Acute diarrhoea in a community cohort of children who received an oral rotavirus vaccine in Northeast Brazil

Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England

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