Symptom and performance validation in patients with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment

Czornik, Manuel; Merten, Thomas; Lehrner, Johann

doi:10.1080/23279095.2019.1628761

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…About the inclusion of bona fide patients, most of the studies have assumed that the clinical patients included in the clinical control group are bona fide, and the presence of possible incentives has not been assessed. As noted by Czornik et al (2021), in populations with reported mental disorders, diagnoses based on patients’ symptom presentation are common, and even in the clinical setting hidden agendas may be identified that may influence such presentation (Dandachi-FitzGerald et al, 2011, 2016). This problem is even more significant in self-reported SVTs and makes it difficult to distinguish between true and false positives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Inventory of Problems–29 (IOP-29): A systematic review and bivariate diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis.

Puente-López¹,

Pina²,

López‐Nicolás³

et al. 2023

Psychological Assessment

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29 (IOP-29) is a 29-item self-administered symptom validity test (SVT) that assesses the credibility of clinical presentations related to posttraumatic stress disorder, depression/anxiety, psychosis, cognitive impairment and combination thereof. To date, no publications have summarized the classification accuracy of the IOP-29 using a bivariate meta-analytical approach that preserves the twodimensional nature of the estimators. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and bivariate diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis of the IOP-29 according to the relevant guidelines. Twenty-one independent samples were included, with a total sample size of 4,163 participants. The results indicated that the IOP-29 is able to discriminate adequately between instructed simulators and healthy controls/clinical patients. Using the recommended cutoff (False Disorder Probability Score [FDS], ≥.50), a sensitivity of 82% was achieved, maintaining specificity at 93% (false positive rate of 7%). The language of the test and the type of comparison group have been identified as possible sources of heterogeneity. Specificity decreases for the non-English version of the IOP-29, for the FDS ≥ .30, and also decreases for studies using clinical controls, for all three cutoff scores. In general, our findings support the usefulness of the IOP-29 as an SVT; however, most of the included studies use a simulation design and have been coauthored by the test authors. Likewise, about half of the studies did not include bona fide patient controls but only nonclinical controls. The results obtained are highly promising, but further research, especially that using the criterion group paradigm, is recommended. Public Significance StatementFollowing a bivariate meta-analytic model, we have evaluated the discriminative ability of the IOP-29, a novel symptom validity test. The results obtained indicate that it is able to discriminate adequately between instructed simulators and healthy controls/clinical patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Inventory of Problems–29 (IOP-29): A systematic review and bivariate diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis.

Puente-López¹,

Pina²,

López‐Nicolás³

et al. 2023

Psychological Assessment

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“…Alternatively, a screening-level cut score (with a false-positive rate of less than 10%) was established at seven or more endorsed pseudosymptoms. The authors (Czornik et al, 2021) could recently demonstrate a satisfying resistance of SRSI pseudosymptom items against the presence of milder forms of cognitive impairment.…”

Section: Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Motor Reaction Times as an Embedded Measure of Performance Validity: a Study with a Sample of Austrian Early Retirement Claimants

Czornik

Seidl

Tavakoli

et al. 2021

Psychol. Inj. and Law

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Among embedded measures of performance validity, reaction time parameters appear to be less common. However, their potential may be underestimated. In the German-speaking countries, reaction time is often examined using the Alertness subtest of the Test of Attention Performance (TAP). Several previous studies have examined its suitability for validity assessment. The current study was conceived to examine a variety of reaction time parameters of the TAP Alertness subtest with a sample of 266 Austrian civil forensic patients. Classification results from the Word Memory Test (WMT) were used as an external indicator to distinguish between valid and invalid symptom presentations. Results demonstrated that the WMT fail group performed worse in reaction time as well as its intraindividual variation across trials when compared to the WMT pass group. Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed areas under the curve of .775–.804. Logistic regression models indicated the parameter intraindividual variation of motor reaction time with warning sound as being the best predictor for invalid test performance. Suggested cut scores yielded a sensitivity of .62 and a specificity of .90, or .45 and .95, respectively, when the accepted false-positive rate was set lower. The results encourage the use of the Alertness subtest as an embedded measure of performance validity.

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“…Individuals were classified as cognitively impaired/dementia if they scored below − 1.5 standard deviations on any of the composite scores (dementia if they also had impaired daily living activities). This cut-off is frequently used to define mild cognitive impairment (MCI), it allows for the identification of a large number of cases qualifying for this diagnosis [45][46][47] and the diagnosis made using this cut-of has been significantly associated with measures of medial temporal atrophy and APOE genotype status [48]. These two diagnoses were further confirmed by an interview with their family.…”

Section: Measures and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive aging in migraine sufferers is associated with more subjective complaints but similar age-related decline: a 5-year longitudinal study

et al. 2020

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Objectives and background: The effect of headache on cognitive performance is controversial, due to conflicting results obtained from studies in clinical or population settings. We aimed to understand if migraine and other headaches modify the rates of decline on different cognitive measures, during a 5-year interval. Design and method: A cohort of community dwelling adults (> 50 years) with migraine (MH), non-migraine headaches (NMH) and controls without headache (WoH), was assessed by a comprehensive neuropsychological battery with tests of memory, language and executive functions, repeated 5 years apart. Change in performance between baseline and reevaluation was compared between groups, and controlled for age, gender, literacy and depressive symptoms. Results: A total of 275 participants (78.5% WoH, 12.7% MH, 8.7% NMH) were reevaluated (average age 70.40 + 8.34 years, 64% females). Cognitive decline or dementia occurred in 11.4%, with a similar proportion among the three groups. Although MH participants had significantly more subjective cognitive complaints (p = 0.030, 95%CI:]-3.929,-0.014[), both MH and NMH subjects showed an age-associated decline identical to controls. Furthermore, migraine features (disease and attack duration, frequency and aura) were unrelated with cognitive performance. Conclusion: Migraine and non-migraine headache are not associated with increasing risk of dementia or cognitive decline at an older age although subjects with migraine have more cognitive complaints. Longer longitudinal studies are necessary to understand if this pattern persists for more than 5 years.

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Symptom and performance validation in patients with subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment

Cited by 15 publications

References 52 publications

The Inventory of Problems–29 (IOP-29): A systematic review and bivariate diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis.

The Inventory of Problems–29 (IOP-29): A systematic review and bivariate diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis.

Motor Reaction Times as an Embedded Measure of Performance Validity: a Study with a Sample of Austrian Early Retirement Claimants

Cognitive aging in migraine sufferers is associated with more subjective complaints but similar age-related decline: a 5-year longitudinal study

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