Symptom and demographic profiles in first-episode schizophrenia

Gelber, Edward I.; Kohler, Christian G.; Bilker, Warren B.; Gur, Ruben C.; Brensinger, Colleen M.; Siegel, Steven J.; Gur, Raquel E.

doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(03)00083-5

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Of note, the EC-SCZ group does not necessarily encompass only those experiencing a first-episode. However, there is a large literature on neurobiological differences in first-episode schizophrenia, and the criteria for recruitment and average duration of illness for the EC-SCZ group in our study encompasses the time course of those recruited with first-episode in other studies (Gelber et al, 2004; Gupta et al, 1997; Lieberman et al, 2005; Nenadic et al, 2015; Rais et al, 2008; Wheeler et al, 2014). HR subjects were comprised of offspring of individuals with schizophrenia (at least one parent), and who were not past the age of peak illness risk (<30 y/o) – these subjects therefore still had potential to develop illness.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amygdala volume is reduced in early course schizophrenia

Rich

Cho

Tang

et al. 2016

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

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Subcortical structural alterations have been implicated in the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Yet, the extent of anatomical alterations for subcortical structures across illness phases remains unknown. To assess this, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine volume differences of major subcortical structures: thalamus, nucleus accumbens, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala and hippocampus. These differences were examined across four groups: i) healthy comparison subjects (HCS, n=96); ii) individuals at high risk (HR, n=21) for schizophrenia; iii) early-course schizophrenia patients (EC-SCZ, n=28); and iv) chronic schizophrenia patients (C-SCZ, n=20). Raw gray matter volumes and volumetric ratios (volume of specific structure / total gray matter volume) were extracted using automated segmentation tools. EC-SCZ group exhibited smaller bilateral amygdala volumetric ratios, compared to HCS and HR subjects. Findings did not change when corrected for age, level of education and medication use. Amygdala raw volumes did not differ among groups once adjusted for multiple comparisons, but the smaller amygdala volumetric ratio in EC-SCZ survived Bonferroni correction. Other structures were not different across the groups following Bonferroni correction. Smaller amygdala volumes during early illness course may reflect pathophysiologic changes specific to illness development, including disrupted salience processing and acute stress responses.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amygdala volume is reduced in early course schizophrenia

Rich

Cho

Tang

et al. 2016

Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging

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“…As many as 80 percent of individuals with schizophrenia have at least moderate degrees of one or more negative symptoms (e.g., Andreasen & Flaum, 1991; Fenton & McGlashan, 1991; World Health Organization, 1973). Because negative symptoms are temporally stable (e.g., Herbener & Harrow, 2002; Pfohl & Winokur, 1982) and observed early in the course of the disorder, they are not solely a function of the chronic nature of schizophrenia (e.g., Arndt, Andreasen, Flaum, & Miller, 1995; Gelber et al, 2004; Gur et al, 1998; Walker, Grimes, Davis, & Smith, 1993). …”

Section: Positive Emotions May Counter Mechanisms Of Emotion-related mentioning

confidence: 99%

Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology

Garland

Fredrickson

Kring

et al. 2010

Clinical Psychology Review

739

623

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This review integrates Fredrickson's broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions with advances in affective neuroscience regarding plasticity in the neural circuitry of emotions to inform the treatment of emotion deficits within psychopathology. We first present a body of research showing that positive emotions broaden cognition and behavioral repertoires, and in so doing, build durable biopsychosocial resources that support coping and flourishing mental health. Next, by explicating the processes through which momentary experiences of emotions may accrue into self-perpetuating emotional systems, the current review proposes an underlying architecture of state-trait interactions that engenders lasting affective dispositions. This theoretical framework is then used to elucidate the cognitive-emotional mechanisms underpinning three disorders of affect regulation, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. In turn, two mind training interventions, mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation, are highlighted as means of generating positive emotions that may counter the negative affective processes implicated in these disorders. We conclude with the proposition that positive emotions may exert a countervailing force on the dysphoric, fearful, or anhedonic states characteristic of persons with psychopathology typified by emotional dysfunctions.

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“…Anhedonia, a reduced capacity to experience pleasure, is a known prodromal symptom for various psychiatric illnesses, including depression (Dryman and Eaton, 1991) and schizophrenia (Gelber et al, 2004). Deficits in different reward processes (e.g., reward valuation, expectancy, and attainment) may result in the same anhedonic phenotype, but the neurobiological mechanisms underlying these phenomena are still largely unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of RDoC reward constructs in adolescents with diverse psychiatric symptoms: A Reward Flanker Task pilot study

Bradley

Case

Freed

et al. 2017

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Background There has been growing interest under the Research Domain Criteria initiative to investigate behavioral constructs and their underlying neural circuitry. Abnormalities in reward processes are salient across psychiatric conditions and may precede future psychopathology in youth. However, the neural circuitry underlying such deficits has not been well defined. Therefore, in this pilot, we studied youth with diverse psychiatric symptoms and examined the neural underpinnings of reward anticipation, attainment, and positive prediction error (PPE, unexpected reward gain). Clinically, we focused on anhedonia, known to reflect deficits in reward function. Methods Twenty-two psychotropic medication-free youth, 16 with psychiatric symptoms, exhibiting a full range of anhedonia, were scanned during the Reward Flanker Task. Anhedonia severity was quantified using the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale. Functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses were false discovery rate corrected for multiple comparisons. Results Anticipation activated a broad network, including the medial frontal cortex and ventral striatum, while attainment activated memory and emotion-related regions such as the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, but not the ventral striatum. PPE activated a right-dominant fronto-temporo-parietal network. Anhedonia was only correlated with activation of the right angular gyrus during anticipation and the left precuneus during PPE at an uncorrected threshold. Limitations Findings are preliminary due to the small sample size. Conclusions This pilot characterized the neural circuitry underlying different aspects of reward processing in youth with diverse psychiatric symptoms. These results highlight the complexity of the neural circuitry underlying reward anticipation, attainment, and PPE. Furthermore, this study underscores the importance of RDoC research in youth.

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Symptom and demographic profiles in first-episode schizophrenia

Cited by 22 publications

References 38 publications

Amygdala volume is reduced in early course schizophrenia

Amygdala volume is reduced in early course schizophrenia

Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity: Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology

Neural correlates of RDoC reward constructs in adolescents with diverse psychiatric symptoms: A Reward Flanker Task pilot study

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