Symplasmic Transport in Wood: The Importance of Living Xylem Cells

Sokołowska, Katarzyna

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7765-5_4

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), intracellular injections of a fluorescent dye revealed symplasmic connections between living fibers and adjacent ray parenchymal cells (van der Schoot and van Bel, 1990). Plasmodesmata also exist in pits located between developing, still-living tracheids and neighboring ray cells in conifers (Sokołowska, 2013). These would potentiate symplasmic transport of monolignols from ray cells to developing tracheids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ray Parenchymal Cells Contribute to Lignification of Tracheids in Developing Xylem of Norway Spruce

et al. 2019

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A comparative transcriptomic study and a single-cell metabolome analysis were combined to determine whether parenchymal ray cells contribute to the biosynthesis of monolignols in the lignifying xylem of Norway spruce (Picea abies). Ray parenchymal cells may function in the lignification of upright tracheids by supplying monolignols. To test this hypothesis, parenchymal ray cells and upright tracheids were dissected with laser-capture microdissection from tangential cryosections of developing xylem of spruce trees. The transcriptome analysis revealed that among the genes involved in processes typical for vascular tissues, genes encoding cell wall biogenesis-related enzymes were highly expressed in both developing tracheids and ray cells. Interestingly, most of the shikimate and monolignol biosynthesis pathway-related genes were equally expressed in both cell types. Nonetheless, 1,073 differentially expressed genes were detected between developing ray cells and tracheids, among which a set of genes expressed only in ray cells was identified. In situ single cell metabolomics of semi-intact plants by picoliter pressure probe-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry detected monolignols and their glycoconjugates in both cell types, indicating that the biosynthetic route for monolignols is active in both upright tracheids and parenchymal ray cells. The data strongly support the hypothesis that in developing xylem, ray cells produce monolignols that contribute to lignification of tracheid cell walls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ray Parenchymal Cells Contribute to Lignification of Tracheids in Developing Xylem of Norway Spruce

et al. 2019

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“…1D), often extending to link up with other vessels and ray parenchyma in the secondary xylem (Metcalfe and Chalk, 1983;Braun, 1970Braun, , 1984IAWA Committee, 1989;Morris and Jansen, 2016). The result is a highly interconnected three-dimensional ray and axial parenchyma lattice (Spicer, 2014) connecting beyond the cambium to the phloem (Sokołowska, 2013). In plants that do not have vessels, the term contact cell is used to describe parenchyma in direct association with tracheary elements (Sauter, 1966;Sauter et al, 1973;Zhang et al, 2017).…”

Section: Invited Special Articlementioning

confidence: 99%

Vessel‐associated cells in angiosperm xylem: Highly specialized living cells at the symplast–apoplast boundary

Morris

Plavcová

Gorai

et al. 2018

American J of Botany

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An understanding of the relationship between VACs and vessels is crucial to tackling questions related to how water is transported over long distances in xylem, as well as defense against pathogens. New avenues of research show how parenchyma-vessel contact is related to vessel diameter and a new hypothesis may explain how surfactants arising from VAC can allow water to travel under negative pressure. We also reinforce the message of connectivity between VAC and other cells between xylem and phloem.

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“…In terms of anatomical structure, Scots pine wood is, in common with the majority of conifers, a relatively simple and homogeneous tissue consisting mainly of two types of cells: (i) tracheids that both conduct sap and perform support roles and (ii) parenchyma cells that are involved in the storage and radial transport of substances [7][8][9]. Tracheids die off at the end of their developmental program to undertake their role [4], whereas parenchyma cells remain alive for at least a couple of years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Long Do Wood Parenchyma Cells Live in the Stem of a Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)? Studies on Cell Nuclei Status along the Radial and Longitudinal Stem Axes

Tulik

Jura‐Morawiec

Bieniasz

et al. 2019

Forests

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This paper deals with the spatial distribution of heartwood in Scots pine stems (Pinus sylvestris L.), determined on the basis of the absence of nuclei in parenchyma cells. Samples were collected at several heights from two Scots pine stems growing in fresh coniferous stand as codominant trees. Transverse and radial sections were cut from the samples and stained with acetocarmine to detect the nuclei and with I2KI to show starch grains. Unstained sections were also observed under ultraviolet (UV) light to reveal cell wall lignification. The shapes of the nuclei in ray and axial parenchyma cells differed: the axial parenchyma cells had rounded nuclei, while the nuclei of the ray parenchyma cells were elongated. The lifespan of the parenchyma cells was found to be 16–42 years; the longest-lived were cells from the base of the stem, and the shortest-lived were from the base of the crown. The largest number of growth rings comprising heartwood was observed at a height of 1.3–3.3 m, which signifies that the distribution of heartwood within the stem is uneven. Moreover, the distance of the cells from the apical meristem and the cambium was seen to have an effect on the presence of living parenchyma cells, i.e., those with stained nuclei.

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Symplasmic Transport in Wood: The Importance of Living Xylem Cells

Cited by 17 publications

References 143 publications

Ray Parenchymal Cells Contribute to Lignification of Tracheids in Developing Xylem of Norway Spruce

Ray Parenchymal Cells Contribute to Lignification of Tracheids in Developing Xylem of Norway Spruce

Vessel‐associated cells in angiosperm xylem: Highly specialized living cells at the symplast–apoplast boundary

How Long Do Wood Parenchyma Cells Live in the Stem of a Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)? Studies on Cell Nuclei Status along the Radial and Longitudinal Stem Axes

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