Sympatric Epichloë species and chemotypic profiles in natural populations of Lolium perenne

Soto-Barajas, Milton C.; Aldana, Beatriz R. Vázquez de; Zabalgogeazcoa, Íñigo

doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2019.02.013

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(82 reference statements)

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“…Climate change could result in environmental conditions that are more conducive to survival of infected grasses, which may increase their distribution to a level that endophyte-infected plants could dominate grasslands. Previous studies on grasslands in Germany and Spain showed that single individuals of cool season grass species infected with Epichloë can contain alkaloid concentrations above the toxicity thresholds for livestock [35,46,55], which for ergovaline are 300-500 ppb for cattle and horses, and 500-800 ppb for sheep, with lolitrem B concentrations toxic at 1800-2000 ppb [48]. In typical meadows, the infected toxic grasses are diluted by a high diversity of other species and low infection frequencies, so have been of little concern for causing toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epichloë Endophyte Infection Rates and Alkaloid Content in Commercially Available Grass Seed Mixtures in Europe

et al. 2020

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Fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë live symbiotically in cool season grass species and can produce alkaloids toxic to insects and vertebrates, yet reports of intoxication of grazing animals have been rare in Europe in contrast to overseas. However, due to the beneficial resistance traits observed in Epichloë infected grasses, the inclusion of Epichloë in seed mixtures might become increasingly advantageous. Despite the toxicity of fungal alkaloids, European seed mixtures are rarely tested for Epichloë infection and their infection status is unknown for consumers. In this study, we tested 24 commercially available seed mixtures for their infection rates with Epichloë endophytes and measured the concentrations of the alkaloids ergovaline, lolitrem B, paxilline, and peramine. We detected Epichloë infections in six seed mixtures, and four contained vertebrate and insect toxic alkaloids typical for Epichloë festucae var. lolii infecting Lolium perenne. As Epichloë infected seed mixtures can harm livestock, when infected grasses become dominant in the seeded grasslands, we recommend seed producers to test and communicate Epichloë infection status or avoiding Epichloë infected seed mixtures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epichloë Endophyte Infection Rates and Alkaloid Content in Commercially Available Grass Seed Mixtures in Europe

et al. 2020

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“…Single samples exceeded toxicity thresholds in both studies, but not on population level. We assume that the difference in alkaloid concentrations often dilutes on population level in Germany similar to other regions, e.g., Spain [54].…”

Section: Field Study In Germanymentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?

Vikuk

Fuchs

Krischke

et al. 2020

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Mycotoxins in agriculturally used plants can cause intoxication in animals and can lead to severe financial losses for farmers. The endophytic fungus Epichloë festucae var. lolii living symbiotically within the cool season grass species Lolium perenne can produce vertebrate and invertebrate toxic alkaloids. Hence, an exact quantitation of alkaloid concentrations is essential to determine intoxication risk for animals. Many studies use different methods to detect alkaloid concentrations, which complicates the comparability. In this study, we showed that alkaloid concentrations of individual plants exceeded toxicity thresholds on real world grasslands in Germany, but not on the population level. Alkaloid concentrations on five German grasslands with high alkaloid levels peaked in summer but were also below toxicity thresholds on population level. Furthermore, we showed that alkaloid concentrations follow the same seasonal trend, regardless of whether plant fresh or dry weight was used, in the field and in a common garden study. However, alkaloid concentrations were around three times higher when detected with dry weight. Finally, we showed that alkaloid concentrations can additionally be biased to different alkaloid detection methods. We highlight that toxicity risks should be analyzed using plant dry weight, but concentration trends of fresh weight are reliable.

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“…The kinds of alkaloids produced in different grass–endophyte symbionts vary with the species of fungal endophytes; for example, Epichloë festucae var. lolii in perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne ) can produce peramine, ergovaline and lolitrem B [ 14 , 26 ], Epichloë funkii in Achnatherum robustum produces ergot alkaloids and indole-diterpene alkaloids [ 24 ], and Epichloë inebrians in Achnatherum inebrians only produces ergot alkaloids [ 27 ], while some Epichloë endophytes do not produce alkaloids [ 21 ]. In addition, some studies have found that Epichloë endophytes can produce some antifungal active metabolites when cultured separately in vitro, including gamahonolides A and B, gamahorin, chokols A–G, indole derivatives and epichlicin [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Research on Metabolites of Different Species of Epichloë Endophytes and Their Host Achnatherum sibiricum

Deng

Gao

et al. 2022

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Achnatherum sibiricum can be infected by two species of fungal endophytes, Epichloë gansuensis (Eg) and Epichloë sibirica (Es). In this study, the metabolites of Eg, Es, and their infected plants were studied by GC–MS analysis. The results showed that the metabolic profiles of Eg and Es were similar in general, and only six differential metabolites were detected. The direct effect of endophyte infection on the metabolites in A. sibiricum was that endophyte-infected plants could produce mannitol, which was not present in uninfected plants. Epichloë infection indirectly caused an increase in the soluble sugars in A. sibiricum related to growth and metabolites related to the defense against pathogens and herbivores, such as α-tocopherol, α-linolenic acid and aromatic amino acids. Epichloë infection could regulate galactose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, tyrosine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism of host grass. In addition, there was a significant positive correlation in the metabolite contents between the endophyte and the host.

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Sympatric Epichloë species and chemotypic profiles in natural populations of Lolium perenne

Cited by 10 publications

References 63 publications

Epichloë Endophyte Infection Rates and Alkaloid Content in Commercially Available Grass Seed Mixtures in Europe

Epichloë Endophyte Infection Rates and Alkaloid Content in Commercially Available Grass Seed Mixtures in Europe

Alkaloid Concentrations of Lolium perenne Infected with Epichloë festucae var. lolii with Different Detection Methods—A Re-Evaluation of Intoxication Risk in Germany?

Comparative Research on Metabolites of Different Species of Epichloë Endophytes and Their Host Achnatherum sibiricum

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