Sympathetic efferent pathways projecting to the prostate in the dog

Yonese, Junji; Kihara, Kazunori; Satô, Kenji; Fukuda, Hiroshi; Kamata, Shigeyoshi; Oshima, Hiroyuki

doi:10.1002/1097-0045(20000801)44:3<225::aid-pros7>3.0.co;2-g

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The pelvic nerve descends from the segments S 1 –S 3 and accompanies the prostatic artery as far as the lateral surface of the rectum, joining the pelvic plexus with branches of the hypogastric nerve. Parasympathetic stimulation during erection increases prostatic glandular secretion and sympathetic stimulation during ejaculation is responsible for the ejection of prostatic fluid into the prostatic urethra (1,11,12). …”

Section: Canine Prostate Anatomy and Histological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine prostate models in preclinical studies of minimally invasive interventions: part I, canine prostate anatomy and prostate cancer models

Sun¹,

Báez-Díaz²,

Sánchez‐Margallo³

2017

Transl. Androl. Urol.

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The high prevalence of prostate cancer (PCa) in elderly men and technical advances in early detection of localized PCa have led to continued efforts to develop new therapeutic options of minimally invasive nature in current urologic oncology community. Increasing newly emerging therapies are undergoing preclinical tests on the technical feasibility, efficacy and safety in animal experiments. The dog is an ideal large animal because of its similar anatomy to human and the capability allowing the use of the same medical devices applied in future clinical trials. Awareness of the local anatomy, microvascular structure, and histological features of the prostate in dogs is essential to experimental design and performance of the tested procedures and techniques. Although dogs with spontaneous PCa may be used in preclinical investigation, the low incidence and pathological features limit its utility. Alternatively, canine orthotopic PCa models have a great potential in preclinical research for this purpose. The goal of this review is to provide detailed anatomic and histological information of the canine prostate, outline the pathological and clinical characteristics of spontaneous PCa in dogs and discuss the current status of canine orthotopic PCa models.

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Section: Canine Prostate Anatomy and Histological Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Canine prostate models in preclinical studies of minimally invasive interventions: part I, canine prostate anatomy and prostate cancer models

Sun¹,

Báez-Díaz²,

Sánchez‐Margallo³

2017

Transl. Androl. Urol.

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“…The contraction of the prostate was measured by suturing a force transducer (model F‐081S, Star Medical Corp., Tokyo, Japan) to the surface of the prostate, as previously described [14]. The upper and lower edges of a transducer were sutured on the mid‐anterior surface of the prostate in parallel with the long axis of the prostatic body.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstruction of the sympathetic pathway projecting to the prostate, by nerve grafting in the dog

et al. 2004

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repaired with a colonic (autonomic) nerve graft and the right with a genitofemoral (somatic) nerve graft. Twenty months after surgery the reconstruction of the sympathetic pathway was assessed by measuring contraction of the prostate after stimulating the lumbar splanchnic nerves (LSNs). RESULTSNine of the 17 right LSNs stimulated elicited prostatic contractions. After transecting the left HGN five of these nine responses were restored. Seven of the 11 left LSNs stimulated elicited prostatic contractions; after transection of the left HGN four of these seven responses were preserved. CONCLUSIONThe sympathetic pathways via the HGN to the canine prostate can be reconstructed by nerve grafting, regardless of the use of autonomic or somatic nerve grafts, and the crossinnervation mechanism from the LSN to the prostate can also be repaired.

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“… Diagram showing innervation of the canine prostate ( a ) and signals from each LSN to the prostate ( b ) [4]. Each of the lumbar splanchnic nerves (second to fourth) send signals to the prostate, and the signals cross to the other side at the level of the CMP.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As previous experiments showed that the LSNs from vertebral levels L2 to L4 mainly elicit responses in the prostate of the dog [4], these LSNs were assessed. Each of the LSNs (L2–L4) and each of the HGNs on both sides were stimulated, respectively, at a point ≈ 10 mm apart from the sympathetic chain and from the site of removal.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Currently, many cross‐innervation mechanisms from the spinal cord via the hypogastric nerve (HGN) to the prostate have been reported [4]. It is unclear whether spontaneous regeneration occurs when a long section of the pathway is removed, which usually happens during surgery, and whether the cross‐innervation mechanisms can also regenerate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spontaneous regeneration of the seriously injured sympathetic pathway projecting to the prostate over a long period in the dog

et al. 2003

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the prostate to electrical stimulation of the lumbar splanchnic nerve (LSN) or the HGN proximal to the site removed, were assessed. RESULTSIn six dogs, 10 of the 17 LSNs (second to fourth) and four of the 10 HGNs stimulated elicited prostatic contraction. The pathways via the ipsilateral HGN and/or the contralateral HGN from the LSNs to the prostate were identified as having regenerated in four of six dogs. CONCLUSIONThese results indicate that the sympathetic pathways via the HGN to the canine prostate can regenerate spontaneously over a long period after serious injury, and that their cross-innervation system can also be repaired.

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Sympathetic efferent pathways projecting to the prostate in the dog

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Canine prostate models in preclinical studies of minimally invasive interventions: part I, canine prostate anatomy and prostate cancer models

Canine prostate models in preclinical studies of minimally invasive interventions: part I, canine prostate anatomy and prostate cancer models

Reconstruction of the sympathetic pathway projecting to the prostate, by nerve grafting in the dog

Spontaneous regeneration of the seriously injured sympathetic pathway projecting to the prostate over a long period in the dog

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