“…Antiferroelectric (AFE) perovskite oxides have drawn increasing attention due to their great potential in energy storage and power electronic applications. − Among these, lead-free NaNbO 3 (NN) gained scientific importance due to its complicated phase structures, − irreversible phase transition behavior, − and high energy storage properties. − Systematic studies of atomic structures and defects such as translational APBs ,− in NN are very limited, which have been found to be very important in defining the functional properties in PbZrO 3 . ,, For example, the polar nature and potential applications of translational APBs in PbZrO 3 were demonstrated by experimental observations, followed by theoretical interpretations based on the Landau–Ginzburg theory . In contrast, translational APBs with a straight line morphology found in NN resemble those observed in PbZrO 3 , but their atomic nature and correlation with macroscopic functional properties remain to be better understood.…”