Symmetry and Its Application in Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM)

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The reconstruction of the geometry of weld-deposited materials plays an important role in the control of the torch path in GMAW. This technique, which is classified as a direct energy deposition technology, is experiencing a new emergence due to its use in welding and additive manufacturing. Usually, the torch path is determined by computerised fabrication tools, but these software tools do not consider the geometrical changes along the case during the process. The aim of this work is to adaptively define the trajectories between layers by analysing the geometry and symmetry of previously deposited layers. The novelty of this work is the integration of a profiling laser coupled to the production system, which scans the deposited layers. Once the layer is scanned, the geometry of the deposited bead can be reconstructed and the symmetry in the geometry and a continuous trajectory can be determined. A wall was fabricated under demanding deposition conditions, and a surface quality of around 100 microns and mechanical properties in line with those previously reported in the literature are observed.

Section: Authors Measured Entity Measurement Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology for the Path Definition in Multi-Layer Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)

Curiel

Veiga²,

Suárez³

et al. 2023

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“…Such technology offers wider possibilities for structuring materials at the microstructural level, where symmetry and asymmetry can be controlled to produce phenomena such as anisotropy. For instance, Uralde et al [21] tackled the application of symmetry for metal additive manufacturing. The authors pointed out the role of symmetry at the microstructural level to induce anisotropic behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Microstructural Arrangement on the Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Polyamide

Hedjazi,

Belhabib,

Stephant

et al. 2023

This study aims to relate the microstructural arrangement, in particular the symmetry materialized by filament sequencing in the fused filament fabrication process, to the mechanical behavior of printed polyamide. Dog-bone structures were printed using various printing temperatures ranging from 250 °C to 280 °C, which were combined with part orientation including vertical, horizontal, and lateral configurations and raster angles (0°, 15°, 30°, and 45°) that represent the in-plane and out-of-plane symmetrical arrangement of the filament. Mechanical testing was conducted on both as-received filaments and printed structures to derive the effects of filament arrangement symmetry and process-generated defects on mechanical loss. In addition, a microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy was used to share more light on the filament arrangements and their consequence on the deformation mechanisms with respect to the printing conditions. The results showed that the 3D printed polyamide-based materials exhibited remarkable tensile performance with strain stiffening behavior and large elongation at break due to their particular filament layout. Among the considered printing conditions, the part orientation was found to have the largest influence on the tensile behavior, which modulates the behavior from complete restoration of the filament performance to mechanical loss.

“…The motivation of this paper is to contribute to the development and understanding of the welded layer applied to direct energy deposition additive manufacturing technologies in metallic materials, which has gained a lot of interest in recent years [26]. The aim of this work is to compare the geometry of the bead of both techniques and to study its symmetry as a quality parameter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symmetry Analysis in Wire Arc Direct Energy Deposition for Overlapping and Oscillatory Strategies in Mild Steel

Uralde

Veiga

Suárez³

et al. 2023

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The field of additive manufacturing has experienced a surge in popularity over recent decades, particularly as a viable alternative to traditional metal part production. Directed energy deposition (DED) is one of the most promising additive technologies, characterized by its high deposition rate, with wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) being a prominent example. Despite its advantages, DED is known to produce parts with suboptimal surface quality and geometric accuracy, which has been a major obstacle to its widespread adoption. This is due, in part, to a lack of understanding of the complex geometries produced by the additive layer. To address this challenge, researchers have focused on characterizing the geometry of the additive layer, particularly the outer part of the bead. This paper specifically investigates the geometrical characteristics and symmetry of walls produced by comparing two different techniques: an oscillated strategy and overlapping beads.