Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population

Arango-Lasprilla, Juan Carlos; Rivera, Diego; Wiese, Jason; Jiménez-Pérez, Cristina; Carrillo, Constante; Amador, Sandra; Vergara-Moragues, Esperanza; Rodríguez-Agudelo, Y.; Rodriguez-Irizarry, W.; Cadena, Claudia Garcı́a de la; Galvao-Carmona, Alejandro; Galarza-Del-Angel, J; Espezúa, X. Llerena; Cabrera, N. Torales; Flor-Caravia, P.; Arelis, Adriana Aguayo; Saracostti, Mahía; Casimiro, R. Barranco; Albaladejo-Blázquez, Natalia

doi:10.3233/nre-172243

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Straightforward normative values appropriate for use in clinical practice are readily available from large white cohorts [9][10][11] but are limited for black and Hispanic patients. This is important because several non-MS studies have shown that race and ethnicity affect SDMT scores independent of readily measurable sociodemographic factors.…”

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confidence: 99%

Race, ethnicity, and cognition in persons newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis

et al. 2020

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ObjectiveTo determine whether black or Hispanic patients with newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS) are more likely to have cognitive impairment than white patients when compared to controls matched on age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Whether black or Hispanic patients have a more aggressive MS disease course than white patients remains unclear. No prior studies have examined differences in early cognitive impairment. The oral Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is sensitive to early cognitive impairment in MS but normative data in nonwhite patients are limited.MethodsWe studied 1,174 adults who enrolled in the MS Sunshine Study. SDMT and verbal fluency were measured in 554 incident cases of MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and 620 matched controls. Multivariable regression was used to examine correlates of abnormal SDMT in the entire cohort.ResultsThe strongest independent predictors of lower oral SDMT scores in rank order were having MS/CIS, lower educational attainment, and being black or Hispanic. Black and Hispanic patients and controls had lower SDMT scores than white participants even after controlling for age, sex, and education. However, no interaction between race/ethnicity and MS case status on SDMT scores was detected. Easy-to-use reference scores stratified by age and educational attainment for black and Hispanic patients are provided.ConclusionPersons with newly diagnosed MS/CIS are more likely to have subtly impaired cognitive function than controls regardless of race/ethnicity. Lower absolute SDMT scores among black and Hispanic patients compared to white patients highlight underlying US population differences rather than differences in MS disease severity.

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confidence: 99%

Race, ethnicity, and cognition in persons newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis

et al. 2020

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“…The SDMT and the c-SDMT are two screening tools for IPS. For the SDMT, associations with sex (Kiely et al, 2014), age (Arango-Lasprilla et al, 2017), psychological and health conditions (Kiely et al, 2014), as well as with education and IQ score (Vernon, 1983) have been reported. For the c-SDMT, only a correlation between age and IPS performance has been examined (Akbar et al, 2011;Bigi et al, 2017).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our current validation studies, we continue to sample healthy participants to pool our data for reexamination and confirmation of the issues discussed in this paper. Furthermore, unlike previous studies (Arango-Lasprilla et al, 2017), we did not take into account the educational level of the participants nor of their parents, as Switzerland has different educational systems in different parts of the country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computerized Symbol Digit Modalities Test in a Swiss Pediatric Cohort – Part 2: Clinical Implementation

et al. 2021

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BackgroundInformation processing speed (IPS) is a marker for cognitive function. It is associated with neural maturation and increases during development. Traditionally, IPS is measured using paper and pencil tasks requiring fine motor skills. Such skills are often impaired in patients with neurological conditions. Therefore, an alternative that does not need motor dexterity is desirable. One option is the computerized symbol digit modalities test (c-SDMT), which requires the patient to verbally associate numbers with symbols.MethodsEighty-six participants (8–16 years old; 45 male; 48 inpatients) were examined, 38 healthy and 48 hospitalized for a non-neurological disease. All participants performed the written SDMT, c-SDMT, and the Test of Non-verbal Intelligence Fourth Edition (TONI-4). Statistical analyses included a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) for the effects of intelligence (IQ) and hospitalization on the performance of the SDMT and c-SDMT. A repeated measures analysis of variance (repeated measures ANOVA) was used to compare performance across c-SDMT trials between inpatients and outpatients.ResultsThe MANCOVA showed that hospitalization had a significant effect on IPS when measured with the SDMT (p = 0.04) but not with the c-SDMT (p = 0.68), while IQ (p = 0.92) had no effect on IPS. Age (p < 0.001) was the best predictor of performance of both tests. The repeated measures ANOVA revealed no significant difference in within-test performance (p = 0.06) between outpatient and inpatient participants in the c-SDMT.ConclusionPerformance of the c-SDMT is not confounded by hospitalization and gives within-test information. As a valid and reliable measure of IPS for children and adolescents, it is suitable for use in both inpatient and outpatient populations.

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“…For psychosocial assessment the following tests were used: Children Depression Inventory [35] (CDI), Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale [36] (CMAS-R), Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory [37] (PedsQL) Parent-Report, and Adaptive Behavior Assessment System, Second Edition [38] (ABAS-II). All of these tests had normative data available for Spanish-speaking children and adolescents [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48].…”

Section: Neuropsychological Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Circuit Alterations and Cognitive Disability in Late-Onset Cobalamin D Disorder

Heras

Diez

Jiménez-Marín

et al. 2020

JCM

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Neuroimaging studies describing brain circuits’ alterations in cobalamin (vitamin B12)-deficient patients are limited and have not been carried out in patients with inborn errors of cobalamin metabolism. The objective of this study was to assess brain functionality and brain circuit alterations in a patient with an ultra-rare inborn error of cobalamin metabolism, methylmalonic aciduria, and homocystinuria due to cobalamin D disease, as compared with his twin sister as a healthy control (HC). We acquired magnetic resonance imaging (including structural, functional, and diffusion images) to calculate brain circuit abnormalities and combined these results with the scores after a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. As compared with HC, the patient had severe patterns of damage, such as a 254% increment of ventricular volume, pronounced subcortical and cortical atrophies (mainly at striatum, cingulate cortex, and precuneus), and connectivity alterations at fronto-striato-thalamic circuit, cerebellum, and corpus callosum. In agreement with brain circuit alterations, cognitive deficits existed in attention, executive function, inhibitory control, and mental flexibility. This is the first study that provides the clinical, genetic, neuroanatomical, neuropsychological, and psychosocial characterization of a patient with the cobalamin D disorder, showing functional alterations in central nervous system motor tracts, thalamus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, that, as far as we know, have not been reported yet in vitamin B12-related disorders.

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Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Normative data for Spanish-speaking pediatric population

Abstract: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate interpretation of the SDMT with pediatric populations.

Cited by 10 publications

References 33 publications

Race, ethnicity, and cognition in persons newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis

Race, ethnicity, and cognition in persons newly diagnosed with multiple sclerosis

Computerized Symbol Digit Modalities Test in a Swiss Pediatric Cohort – Part 2: Clinical Implementation

Brain Circuit Alterations and Cognitive Disability in Late-Onset Cobalamin D Disorder

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