Symbionts of comatulid crinoids in False Bay, South Africa

Hempson, Tessa N.; Griffiths, Charles L.

doi:10.1080/15627020.2008.11657240

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Modern crinoid-epibiont associations include mainly myzostomids and crustaceans (Natantia); other taxa (Porifera, Anthozoa, Polychaetia, Gastropoda) are much less common (Deheyn et al 2006;Hempson & Griffiths 2008); however, in certain associations, polychaetes may be dominant among the symbionts (Britayev & Mekhova 2011). Almost none of these epibionts possess mineralized skeletons, and therefore, their fossilization potential is very low.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual tabulate-crinoid biocoenosis from the Lower Devonian of Morocco

Berkowski

Zapalski

2014

LET

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The Early Devonian (Pragian: sulcatus to pireneae conodont zones) crinoid-coral biocoenosis from Hamar Laghdad, Morocco contains fragments of crinoid stalks of various taxa encrusted by spherical and ellipsoidal coralla of the tabulate coral Hamarilopora minima. These corals were encrusting host crinoids syn vivo, and this is evidenced by pluricolumnals exceeding 30 elements overgrown from all sides. Most known to date crinoid-epibiont associations display various types of reaction to the epibiont, such as swellings and deformations. In the case discussed here, no clear interaction is visible; therefore, this association can be classified as paroecia. It can be inferred, however, that due to a change in mechanical properties of the crinoid stalk (losing flexibility), the epizoan influence on the host was negative, while the coral was profiting from the elevated position over the seafloor and nutrient-bearing water currents. It can be supposed that this interaction was close to parasitism. No strict species-specific relationship between the epizoan and the host was observed. □ Crinoids, tabulate corals, epizoans, Devonian, Morocco, parasitism, paroecia. The fossil record provides many examples of crinoid columnals encrusted by a variety of epibionts. These in most cases include epizoans, belonging to various groups of sessile invertebrates such as sponges, corals, bivalves, bryozoans, brachiopods, cornulitids, serpulid worms, edrioasteroids and other crinoids as well (e.g.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unusual tabulate-crinoid biocoenosis from the Lower Devonian of Morocco

Berkowski

Zapalski

2014

LET

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“…The extreme cryptic coloration of many of these epibionts, camouflaging them against the crinoids' often vivid coloration, further suggests that they are subject to selection from visual predators such as fish (Hempson and Griffiths 2008). Were crinoid epibionts the targets of Paleozoic predators and, if so, why would camerates experience greater intensity of this type of interaction?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A possible reason for the taxonomic difference in adaptation to predation is the observed preference of platyceratid snails for camerates, and for particular taxa of camerates (Ausich 1980;Baumiller and Gahn 2004;Gahn and Baumiller 2006). If these gastropods, and perhaps other crinoid infesters, were the primary targets of predators (Meyer 1985;Brett 2003;Hempson and Griffiths 2008), it could incur incidental damage to their hosts and provide selective pressure toward predator-resistant arm morphologies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal trends of predation resistance in Paleozoic crinoid arm branching morphologies

Syverson

Baumiller

2014

Paleobiology

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The rise of durophagous predators during the Paleozoic represents an ecological constraint imposed on sessile marine fauna. In crinoids, it has been suggested that increasing predation pressure drove the spread of adaptations against predation. Damage to a crinoid's arms from nonlethal predation varies as a function of arm branching pattern. Here, using a metric for resilience to predation (“expected arm loss,” EAL), we test the hypothesis that the increase in predation led to more predation-resistant arm branching patterns (lower EAL) among Paleozoic crinoids. EAL was computed for 230 genera of Paleozoic crinoids and analyzed with respect to taxonomy and time. The results show significant variability among taxa. Camerates, especially monobathrids, display a pattern of increasingly convergent and predation-resistant arm morphologies from the Ordovician through the Devonian, with no significant change during the Mississippian. In contrast, the mean EAL among cladids follows no overall trend through the Paleozoic. Regenerating arms are known to be significantly more common in camerates than in other Paleozoic taxa; if regeneration is taken as a proxy for nonlethal interactions with durophagous predators, this indicates that nonlethal predation occurred more often among camerates throughout the Early and Middle Paleozoic. In addition, frequency of injury among camerates is inversely correlated with EAL and positively correlated with infestation by parasitic snails. From this we conclude that decreasing EAL signals a selective pressure in favor of resistance to grazing predation in camerates but not in other subclasses before the Mississippian, with an apparent relaxation in this constraint after the late Devonian extinctions.

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“…In the history of marine biology, a sustained interest in the relationships between crinoids and their symbiotic partners has long been evident. Besides studies devoted to single taxonomic groups, investigations of the entire crinoid symbiont community have been conducted in various coastal ecosystems around the world, notably in the Bay of Bengal [13], the Red Sea [9], the Marshall Islands [14], the Maldives Archipelago [15], Hong Kong [16], the Great Barrier Reef [6], Taiwan [17], New Guinea [7], Japan [18], South Africa [19], Vietnam [5,20] and North Sulawesi [21]. Such investigations have consistently emphasized the prevalence of specialized fauna involved in symbiotic associations with crinoids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Microscale Interactions to Macroscale Patterns in Copepod–Crinoid Symbiosis

Korzhavina,

Gubareva,

Kitashov

et al. 2024

Animals

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Crinoids (Echinodermata) exhibit unique morphological and behavioral characteristics that facilitate a wide range of symbiotic relationships with diverse organisms. Our comprehension of their interactions with microscopic copepod crustaceans is, however, still in a nascent and fragmented state. Here, we review and discuss the 166 literature records to date in which a total of 39 copepod species in 6 families have been reported in association with 33 species of the crinoid order Comatulida. Many of these associations have been reported just once. The respective localities cover 5 of the World Ocean’s 12 ecoregions, with a notable concentration of both host and symbiont diversity in the Central and Western Indo-Pacific. In contrast, the documentation of copepod–crinoid associations in the Atlantic appears markedly limited. Copepods have been found predominantly in ectosymbiotic relationships with crinoids, with a lower incidence of endosymbiosis. Copepods of the genera Collocheres Canu, 1893 and Pseudanthessius Claus, 1889 are particularly prominent in the list, and the comatulid family Comatulidae displays the most diverse assortment of copepod associations. The current scope of knowledge encompasses a mere 5% of the potential crinoid host diversity, underscoring the need for more extensive research in this area.

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Symbionts of comatulid crinoids in False Bay, South Africa

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Unusual tabulate-crinoid biocoenosis from the Lower Devonian of Morocco

Unusual tabulate-crinoid biocoenosis from the Lower Devonian of Morocco

Temporal trends of predation resistance in Paleozoic crinoid arm branching morphologies

From Microscale Interactions to Macroscale Patterns in Copepod–Crinoid Symbiosis

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