Switching from automatic to controlled action by monkey medial frontal cortex

Isoda, Masaki; Hikosaka, Okihide

doi:10.1038/nn1830

Cited by 408 publications

(472 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The brain areas comprising IC6 were sensory, motor, interoceptive, and social perceptive in nature and accounted for 17% of the uncontrolled variance in attentional bias effect across the sample. Of these areas, the SMA, as a region involved in controlled action selection (Isoda and Hikosaka, 2007;Rushworth et al, 2002) and response inhibition (Hsu et al, 2011), would be consistent with the engagement of deliberative choice behavior in controlling drug motivation and thus attentional bias. The concordance between IC 6 and an ICA-derived component ('motor network') related to the cognitive control of motor behavior (Zhang and Li, 2012) supports this association.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Individual Differences in Attentional Bias Associated with Cocaine Dependence Are Related to Varying Engagement of Neural Processing Networks

Kilts

Kennedy

Elton

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Cocaine and other drug dependencies are associated with significant attentional bias for drug use stimuli that represents a candidate cognitive marker of drug dependence and treatment outcomes. We explored, using fMRI, the role of discrete neural processing networks in the representation of individual differences in the drug attentional bias effect associated with cocaine dependence (AB-coc) using a word counting Stroop task with personalized cocaine use stimuli (cocStroop). The cocStroop behavioral and neural responses were further compared with those associated with a negative emotional word Stroop task (eStroop) and a neutral word counting Stroop task (cStroop). Brain-behavior correlations were explored using both network-level correlation analysis following independent component analysis (ICA) and voxel-level, brain-wide univariate correlation analysis. Variation in the attentional bias effect for cocaine use stimuli among cocaine-dependent men and women was related to the recruitment of two separate neural processing networks related to stimulus attention and salience attribution (inferior frontal-parietal-ventral insula), and the processing of the negative affective properties of cocaine stimuli (frontal-temporal-cingulate). Recruitment of a sensory-motor-dorsal insula network was negatively correlated with AB-coc and suggested a regulatory role related to the sensorimotor processing of cocaine stimuli. The attentional bias effect for cocaine stimuli and for negative affective word stimuli were significantly correlated across individuals, and both were correlated with the activity of the frontal-temporal-cingulate network. Functional connectivity for a single prefrontal-striatal-occipital network correlated with variation in general cognitive control (cStroop) that was unrelated to behavioral or neural network correlates of cocStroop-or eStroop-related attentional bias. A brain-wide mass univariate analysis demonstrated the significant correlation of individual attentional bias effect for cocaine stimuli with distributed activations in the frontal, occipitotemporal, parietal, cingulate, and premotor cortex. These findings support the involvement of multiple processes and brain networks in mediating individual differences in risk for relapse associated with drug dependence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Individual Differences in Attentional Bias Associated with Cocaine Dependence Are Related to Varying Engagement of Neural Processing Networks

Kilts

Kennedy

Elton

et al. 2013

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…A total of 29 (15 female) right-handed volunteers participated in 1 or more of the 74 TMS experiments using various versions of a task modeled on the paradigm developed by Isoda and Hiko-saka (15) (Fig. 1A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical and subcortical interactions during action reprogramming and their related white matter pathways

Neubert

Mars

Buch

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

239

266

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The right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) and the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) have been identified with cognitive controlthe top-down influence on other brain areas when nonroutine behavior is required. It has been argued that they "inhibit" habitual motor responses when environmental changes mean a different response should be made. However, whether such "inhibition" can be equated with inhibitory physiological interactions has been unclear, as has the areas' relationship with each other and the anatomical routes by which they influence movement execution. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS) was applied over rIFG and primary motor cortex (M1) or over pre-SMA and M1 to measure their interactions, at a subsecond scale, during either inhibition and reprogramming of actions or during routine action selection. Distinct patterns of functional interaction between pre-SMA and M1 and between rIFG and M1 were found that were specific to action reprogramming trials; at a physiological level, direct influences of pre-SMA and rIFG on M1 were predominantly facilitatory and inhibitory, respectively. In a subsequent experiment, it was shown that the rIFG's inhibitory influence was dependent on pre-SMA. A third experiment showed that pre-SMA and rIFG influenced M1 at two time scales. By regressing white matter fractional anisotropy from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance images against TMSmeasured functional connectivity, it was shown that short-latency (6 ms) and longer latency (12 ms) influences were mediated by cortico-cortical and subcortical pathways, respectively, with the latter passing close to the subthalamic nucleus.W e humans can engage in a complex repertoire of behaviors geared toward often far-removed goals. We have to override reflexive and habitual reactions to orchestrate behavior in accordance with our intentions. The mechanisms that allow us to act in this way are commonly referred to as "cognitive control processes," and their functions include controlling, and often preventing, lower level or more automatic sensory, memory, and motor operations (1). In the control of action, a network involving the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG) has been commonly identified as crucial for the adaptation of actions to changes in the environment (2-10), a process we refer to as "action reprogramming" (6). The precise contributions of these regions, however, remain unknown. For example, at a cognitive level, the rIFG has been suggested to be involved in the inhibition of an incorrect motor program (2, 7). However, whether this cognitive inhibition is also reflected at a physiological level remains subject to investigation (8). Moreover, how each individual node of the cortical network exerts its influence and interacts with other nodes is unknown. Some authors have argued that interactions among cortical regions during action reprogramming occurs via direct cortical routes (11, 12), whereas others have argued for the involvement of subcortical routes,...

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“…After many attempts we came up with a task which we call 'saccade overriding task' (Fig. 1B) (Isoda and Hikosaka, 2007). It is basically a colour-matching task.…”

Section: Switching From Automatic To Controlled Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain mechanisms for switching from automatic to controlled eye movements

Hikosaka¹,

Isoda²

2008

Progress in Brain Research

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Human behaviour is mostly composed of habitual actions that require little conscious control. Such actions may become invalid if the environment changes, at which point we need to switch behaviour by overcoming habitual actions that are otherwise triggered automatically. It is unclear how the brain controls this type of behavioural switching. Here we show that the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) in the medial frontal cortex has a function in switching from automatic to volitionally controlled action. This was demonstrated using colour-matching saccade tasks performed by rhesus monkeys. We found that a group of pre-SMA neurons was selectively activated when subjects successfully switched from a habitual saccade to a controlled alternative saccade. Electrical stimulation in the pre-SMA replaced automatic incorrect saccades with slower correct saccades. A further test suggested that the pre-SMA enabled switching by first suppressing an automatic unwanted saccade and then boosting a controlled desired saccade. Our data suggest that the pre-SMA resolves response conflict so that the desired action can be selected. Possible neuronal circuits through which the pre-SMA might exert its switching functions will be discussed.

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Switching from automatic to controlled action by monkey medial frontal cortex

Cited by 408 publications

References 49 publications

Individual Differences in Attentional Bias Associated with Cocaine Dependence Are Related to Varying Engagement of Neural Processing Networks

Individual Differences in Attentional Bias Associated with Cocaine Dependence Are Related to Varying Engagement of Neural Processing Networks

Cortical and subcortical interactions during action reprogramming and their related white matter pathways

Brain mechanisms for switching from automatic to controlled eye movements

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