Swine Norovirus: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract

Norovirus, an ssRNA + virus of the family Caliciviridae, is a leading disease burden in humans worldwide, causing an estimated 600 million cases of acute gastroenteritis every year. Since the discovery of norovirus in the faeces of swine in Japan in the 1990s, swine norovirus has been reported in several countries on several continents. The identification of the human-associated GII.4 genotype in swine has raised questions about this animal species as a reservoir of norovirus with zoonotic potential, even if species-specific P-types are usually detected in swine. This review summarises the available data regarding the geographic distribution of norovirus in swine, the years of detection, the genotype characterisation, and the prevalence in specific production groups. Furthermore, we discuss the major bottlenecks for the detection and characterisation of swine noroviruses.

Investigation of Salmonella, Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) and Viral Indicators of Fecal Contamination in Four Italian Pig Slaughterhouses, 2021-2022

“…The zoonotic potential of swine NoVs is debated. Genotypes of NoVs infecting pigs and humans, even different, belong to the same genogroup GII (Cavicchio et al, 2022). Unfortunately, we could not perform the nucleotide sequence analysis due to the low RNA amount, thus far not allowing to establish the origin of the NoV GII detected.…”

Immunogenicity and Blocking Efficacy of Norovirus GII.4 Recombinant P Protein Vaccine

“…VP1 can be divided into a shell domain (S region) and a protruding domain (P region). The P region may be a key region for NoVs to bind to receptors [ 26 , 27 ]. GII.4 is recognized as binding to HBGAs through the P domain of the capsid [ 28 ].…”

Molecular characterization of norovirus and sapovirus detected in animals and humans in Costa Rica: Zoo-anthropozoonotic potential of human norovirus GII.4

“…As a result, serious difficulties arise when assigning the same genotype to a strain when the phylogenetic information is obtained from the gene encoding the polymerase and capsid protein VP1. However, this classification system based on both genes (polymerase/capsid) is very appropriate to characterize strains and assign them to a known genotype and P-type or identify recombinant strains and new genotypes ( Farkas et al , 2004 ; Katayama et al , 2004 ; Bull et al , 2007 ; Dey et al , 2018 ; Lun et al , 2018 ; Cavicchio et al , 2022 ). Basically, NoV and SaV are classified based on the genetic similarity of these genes in three levels: genogroups, genotypes within each genogroup, and viral strains or variants within each genotype ( Katayama et al , 2002 ; Zheng et al , 2006 ; Oka et al , 2015 ; Cavicchio et al , 2022 ).…”