Swine flu virus H1N1: a threat to human health

Kumari, Kavita; Sharma, Pooja; Lal, Rup

doi:10.1007/s12088-009-0040-y

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 2 publications

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“…In 1918-1919 "Spanish Flu" swept the continents and affected almost 500 million people and caused over 40 million deaths. The pandemics in the recent past from swine-origin virus started infecting humans that needs serious attention to the contrary consequences might be devastating [7].…”

Section: Advances In Biotechnology and Microbiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Strategic Immune Evasion by Influenza Virus and Antiviral Response of Interferon

Ahsan

2019

AIBM

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Influenza virus is -ss RNA virus of family orthomyxovirida. The viral genome codes for 11 different types of proteins however Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) proteins are important in virus classification. The insertion of a basic amino acid residue to the cleavage site of HA converts the low pathogenic avian influenza to highly pathogenic avian influenza. The infection of same cell by different influenza virus of human and animal origin may lead to viral re-assortment. Pigs may act as mixing vessels for the re-assortment that is responsible for viral establishment and spread of infections to human. Virus evade the immune system probably due to the immune stress, viral non-structural proteins are involved in innate immune evasion. The selective pressure of antibodies and positive genetic selection also helps in genetic drift and evasion of humoral immune evasion. Several mechanisms are adopted to evade cellular immune evasion however mutation in virus specific T cell receptors is important. Mutations are used as weapons to evade immune responses. Upon detection of viral components interferons are produced and secreted in antiviral response. Sinus and lungs are common and predominantly induces the expression of IFN-λ instead of IFN-α. IFN-λ may be a potential vaccine candidate for the influenza virus infections. The antigenic instability of influenza virus is probably the root cause of outbreaks. Despite the well-built immune system, influenza virus adopts various competent strategies to evade immune response. The present review is to highlight the important evasion mechanisms of influenza virus, furthermore, IFN-λ are discussed as vaccine candidates.

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Section: Advances In Biotechnology and Microbiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Strategic Immune Evasion by Influenza Virus and Antiviral Response of Interferon

Ahsan

2019

AIBM

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In silico genome analysis and drug efficacy test of influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009

Singh

Muthusamy

2009

Indian J Microbiol

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The H1N1 2009 virus is pandemic in many countries. The genome of this virus contains eight segments. Among the eight segments maximum numbers of mutation occur at the segment 1 and segment 4 which codes for PB2 subunit and hemagglutinin (HA) and less number of mutations occur in segment 6 which codes for neuraminidase (NA) protein. Neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (Oseltamivir and Zanamivir) are presently used as an anti-fl u drugs. In the present study, the in silico effi cacy of different drugs was tested against the swine fl u virus. 3D structures of neuraminidase (NA) proteins of H1N1 2009 were generated using Geno3D. The 3D structure of H1N1 1918 was downloaded from PDB. Interaction study was done using Arguslab 4 and PyMol view. Oseltamivir and Zanamivir have good number of interactions with H1N1 2009 virus and the scoring function also support to this result. When compared with the 1918 H1N1 viral protein, 2009 H1N1 NA protein shows more number of interaction and good scoring function. The RMSD value of before and after docking are found to be same at 0.04A° for both the drugs. The force fi eld energy of NA protein 2009 was found to be -15603.529 KJ/mol before docking. The force fi eld energy was found to be decreased after docking at -17620.740 KJ/ mol with Tamifl u and -17652.242 KJ/mol with Zanamivir. The number of interaction and scoring function shows that Oseltamivir and Zanamivir will be able to effectively control the present pandemic H1N1 virus 2009.

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Swine flu virus H1N1: a threat to human health

Cited by 2 publications

References 2 publications

A Review of Strategic Immune Evasion by Influenza Virus and Antiviral Response of Interferon

A Review of Strategic Immune Evasion by Influenza Virus and Antiviral Response of Interferon

In silico genome analysis and drug efficacy test of influenza A virus (H1N1) 2009

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