Swine Farming Is a Risk Factor for Infection With and High Prevalence of Carriage of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Wardyn, Shylo E.; Forshey, Brett M.; Farina, Sarah A.; Kates, Ashley E.; Nair, Rajeshwari; Quick, Megan K.; Wu, James Y.; Hanson, Blake; O’Malley, Sean M.; Shows, Hannah W.; Heywood, Ellen; Freeman, Laura E. Beane; Lynch, Charles F.; Carrel, Margaret; Smith, Tara C.

doi:10.1093/cid/civ234

Cited by 70 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…CC9 has been identified as a marker of LA- S . aureus among livestock workers in Asia [39], and has been observed among livestock herds and people in contact with these herds in the Midwestern US [7], and in the same geographic region as the present study [6,38]. …”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 71%

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Livestock-Associated, Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Recent Skin and Soft Tissue Infection among Industrial Hog Operation Workers

et al. 2016

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Swine production work is a risk factor for nasal carriage of livestock-associated (LA-) Staphylococcus aureus and also for skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI). However, whether LA-S. aureus nasal carriage is associated with increased risk of SSTI remains unclear. We aimed to examine S. aureus nasal carriage and recent (≤3 months prior to enrollment) SSTI symptoms among industrial hog operation (IHO) workers and their household contacts. IHO workers and their household contacts provided a nasal swab and responded to a questionnaire assessing self-reported personal and occupational exposures and recent SSTI symptoms. Nasal swabs were analyzed for S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), multidrug-resistant-S. aureus (MDRSA), absence of scn (livestock association), and spa type. S. aureus with at least one indicator of LA was observed among 19% of 103 IHO workers and 6% of 80 household members. Prevalence of recent SSTI was 6% among IHO workers and 11% among 54 minor household members (0/26 adult household members reported SSTI). Among IHO workers, nasal carriers of MDRSA and scn-negative S. aureus were 8.8 (95% CI: 1.8, 43.9) and 5.1 (95% CI: 1.2, 22.2) times as likely to report recent SSTI as non-carriers, respectively. In one household, both an IHO worker and child reported recent SSTI and carried the same S. aureus spa type (t4976) intranasally. Prevalence of scn-negative S. aureus (PR: 5.0, 95% CI: 1.2, 21.4) was elevated among IHO workers who reported never versus always wearing a face mask at work. Although few SSTI were reported, this study of IHO workers and their household contacts is the first to characterize a relation between nasal carriage of antibiotic-resistant LA-S. aureus and SSTI. The direction and temporality of this relation and IHO workers’ use of face masks to prevent nasal carriage of these bacteria warrant further investigation.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…movement, coughing, and/or sneezing) [3]. Clonal complex (CC) 398 is the most widely described strain, although CC9 is increasingly reported in Asia [4,5] and the United States [6,7]. Nasal carriage and infection with LA- S .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Livestock-Associated, Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Recent Skin and Soft Tissue Infection among Industrial Hog Operation Workers

et al. 2016

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“…There is a high rate of contact between pigs and humans and, hence, the potential for zoonotic transmission of multidrug-resistant organisms, as illustrated by drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus transfer from pigs to pig farmers (Oppliger et al 2012; Wardyn et al 2015). This example is especially relevant because of the high frequency of tetracycline resistance among Cs strains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetracycline Selective Pressure and Homologous Recombination Shape the Evolution ofChlamydia suis: A Recently Identified Zoonotic Pathogen

et al. 2016

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Species closely related to the human pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) have recently been found to cause zoonotic infections, posing a public health threat especially in the case of tetracycline resistant Chlamydia suis (Cs) strains. These strains acquired a tet(C)-containing cassette via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Genomes of 11 Cs strains from various tissues were sequenced to reconstruct evolutionary pathway(s) for tet(C) HGT. Cs had the highest recombination rate of Chlamydia species studied to date. Admixture occurred among Cs strains and with Chlamydia muridarum but not with Ct. Although in vitro tet(C) cassette exchange with Ct has been documented, in vivo evidence may require examining human samples from Ct and Cs co-infected sites. Molecular-clock dating indicated that ancestral clades of resistant Cs strains predated the 1947 discovery of tetracycline, which was subsequently used in animal feed. The cassette likely spread throughout Cs strains by homologous recombination after acquisition from an external source, and our analysis suggests Betaproteobacteria as the origin. Selective pressure from tetracycline may be responsible for recent bottlenecks in Cs populations. Since tetracycline is an important antibiotic for treating Ct, zoonotic infections at mutual sites of infection indicate the possibility for cassette transfer and major public health repercussions.

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“…Genetically related strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and multidrugresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae have been identified in healthy agricultural animals, colonized persons, and infected persons [8][9][10][11]. Occupational exposure to agricultural animals can increase the risk of acquiring an antibiotic-resistant organism [12][13][14][15]. Liu et al recently performed a systematic review to identify the prevalence and risk factors for MRSA carriage in livestock workers [14].…”

Section: Contact With Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They reported a pooled prevalence rate of 14.2 % among livestock workers, and increased animal exposure was associated with MRSA carriage [14]. Furthermore, swine workers are sixfold more likely to carry a multidrug-resistant S. aureus strain compared with people who do not have contact with swine, while poultry workers are fourfold more likely to carry a multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli strain compared with community referents [13,15].…”

Section: Contact With Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A US View on Antimicrobial Stewardship in Animal Agriculture

Pakyz

McDanel

2016

Curr Treat Options Infect Dis

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Swine Farming Is a Risk Factor for Infection With and High Prevalence of Carriage of Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Cited by 70 publications

References 33 publications

Livestock-Associated, Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Recent Skin and Soft Tissue Infection among Industrial Hog Operation Workers

Livestock-Associated, Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Recent Skin and Soft Tissue Infection among Industrial Hog Operation Workers

Tetracycline Selective Pressure and Homologous Recombination Shape the Evolution ofChlamydia suis: A Recently Identified Zoonotic Pathogen

A US View on Antimicrobial Stewardship in Animal Agriculture

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