Swine

Malavasi, Lais M

doi:10.1002/9781119421375.ch50

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…The α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist agents medetomidine, dexmedetomidine and xylazine have been trialed previously in various combinations or as a sole agent for sedation of pigs [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. Pigs are particularly resistant to α-2 adrenoreceptor agonists, and as such higher doses, and by extension higher injection volumes, are required for sedation [ 12 ]. Thus, more potent α-2 adrenoreceptor agonist agents such as detomidine have potential to provide sedation and analgesia whilst reducing the volume of drug for injection [ 2 , 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration

Lehmann

Blache

Drynan

et al. 2017

Animals

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Simple SummaryPigs are notoriously challenging patients. They are difficult to handle so the use of predictable and safe sedation techniques is required for husbandry and surgical procedures. Various combinations of sedative and analgesic drugs have been previously investigated in this species, though the combination of midazolam and detomidine with either butorphanol or morphine has not been reported for sedation in pigs. The use of these combinations was investigated in the context of adequate sedation to allow castration of boars with the aid of local anaesthetic infiltration. The combination of midazolam, detomidine with butorphanol provided a more reliable sedation combination than that including morphine. It is proposed that this combination of drugs would be useful for sedation during painful husbandry procedures in pigs.AbstractJuvenile male pigs were sedated for castration. Eight five-month old boars were sedated twice (two weeks apart) with a combination of detomidine (0.1 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and either butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg) (Group MDB, n = 8) or morphine (0.2 mg/kg) (Group MDM, n = 8) intramuscularly. The boars were positioned in lateral recumbency and lidocaine (200 mg total) was injected into the testicle and scrotal skin. Castration of a single testicle was performed on two occasions. Sedation and reaction (to positioning and surgery) scores, pulse rate, respiratory rate, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, body temperature, arterial blood gas parameters and the times to immobility and then recovery were recorded. Atipamezole was administered if spontaneous recovery was not evident within 60 min of sedative administration. Data were compared with either a paired-sample t-test or a Wilcoxon-Signed Rank Test. There was no difference in sedation score, body temperature, respiratory rate and haemoglobin oxygen saturation between MDB and MDM. Mild hypoxaemia was noted in both groups. There was less reaction to castration after MDB. The pulse rate was higher after MDM sedation. The times to immobility and then recovery were similar. The combination of MDB provided more reliable sedation than MDM. MDB may be useful for sedation for short procedures in pigs, though oxygen supplementation is recommended to avoid hypoxaemia.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration

Lehmann

Blache

Drynan

et al. 2017

Animals

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“…Two of the five minipigs exhibited clinical signs of an anaphylactoid reaction, perhaps due to individual predisposition. Overdosage cannot be claimed, as doses used were similar in all the reported cases and within the suggested dose range commonly used in pigs and other veterinary species ( 32 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Case report: Side effects of etomidate in propylene glycol in five Göttingen Minipigs

Petrucci,

de Brot,

Casoni

2024

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Etomidate, an agonist of the GABA A receptors, is available for clinical use either in combination with 35% propylene glycol or in a lipid emulsion. Its recognized ability to minimally impact the cardiovascular system made etomidate a suitable option for cardiac-compromised patients. Myoclonus and pain at the injection site are recognized side effects of etomidate in propylene glycol, affecting both human and veterinary species. There is no information available concerning potential side effect in minipigs. In the present case series, we report the side effects related to the use of etomidate in 35% propylene glycol in five Ellegaard Göttingen Minipigs that underwent general anesthesia for cardiac magnetic resonance imaging days or weeks after experimentally induced myocardial infarction. Following intravenous injection of etomidate, laryngeal edema and hyperemia were observed in one case. In another case, tachycardia, apnea, and decreased oxygen saturation, accompanied by laryngeal edema and hyperemia, were observed, which resolved spontaneously in a few minutes. In the arterial or venous samples collected shortly after the induction of general anesthesia, hemolysis was macroscopically visible and subsequently confirmed with a hematological exam in all five cases, as well as hemoglobinuria. Necropsies carried out immediately after euthanasia confirmed macroscopic laryngeal edema, marked diffuse lung alveolar and interstitial edema and hyperemia at histology in one animal, and marked acute lung congestion in another animal. These side effects were not observed when etomidate in a lipid emulsion was injected into another 24 animals. The role played by the different formulations (propylene glycol versus lipidic formulation) has not yet been fully elucidated. Based on our observations, we recommend caution in using the formulation of etomidate in 35% propylene glycol in Göttingen Minipigs.

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“…The MAP of all pigs was between 41.50±13.44 and 60.23±9.33mmHg, The values bearing "a" were lower while values with "b" were higher than the maximum reference values. * Cooper et al 2014;Solevåg et al 2014;Morgaz et al 2015;Malavasi 2015). which indicated hypotension, and MAP remained in the critical range to the end apart from in Group III, where MAP increased from 47.75±3.19mmHg to 98.69±49.52 mmHg after 24h of anesthesia and then dropped to 41.5±13.44mmHg before cardiac arrest (Fig.…”

Section: Cardiorespiratory Effectsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Physiological and Pathological Evaluation of Mechanically Ventilated Anesthetized Pigs

2023

Int J Vet Sci

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Prolonged assisted ventilation during anesthesia and critical care is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in both humans and animals. However, no study of mechanically ventilated patients has examined the mortality-related physiology and pathology. Our study investigated physiological, hematological and pathological changes in pigs that died during anesthesia. Six pigs were placed under ventilation-assisted anesthesia for up to 48h. The heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), mean arterial blood (MAP), end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored every 15min until the pigs dies. Blood glucose, serum lactate, pH, and serum bicarbonate (HCO3-) were measured every 12h until death. Tissues were harvested from lung, liver, heart, and kidney of pigs immediately after death during anesthesia. All pigs died during anesthesia. Times of death varied. One pig died at approximately 18h (Group I), two pigs at 24h (Group II), one pig at 36h (Group III), and two pigs at 48h (Group IV). Decreased MAP was reported in all groups throughout anesthesia. Each group showed different changes before death; Group I and III showed decreased blood glucose (45mg/dL) and (17mg/dL), respectively; Group III showed elevated serum lactate (9.76 mmol/l) and reduced pH (7.13) that suggested metabolic acidosis; Group IV showed increased ETCO2 (64.35±5.79 mmHg). Pigs that survived longer showed a higher level of cellular injury to the liver and respiratory system. Blood glucose, MAP, and ETCO2 should be carefully monitored during anesthesia for better patient outcomes and reduced mortality.

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Swine

Cited by 8 publications

References 68 publications

Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration

Optimum Drug Combinations for the Sedation of Growing Boars Prior to Castration

Case report: Side effects of etomidate in propylene glycol in five Göttingen Minipigs

Physiological and Pathological Evaluation of Mechanically Ventilated Anesthetized Pigs

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