Swimming pool heating technology: A state-of-the-art review

Abstract

A large amount of heat is needed to maintain the thermal comfort of both indoor and outdoor swimming pools in cold seasons. This motivates the development of various heating technologies aiming to reduce energy use, as well as operating and investment costs. Although their development can be traced back to the 1960s, a comprehensive review of these technologies is lacking. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the development of heating technologies for swimming pools. This review firstly introduces available heat transfer models that can be used to calculate or predict heat loss and heat gain for swimming pools. Then, different passive and active technologies are summarized. The active heating technologies used for indoor swimming pools include solar collector, heat pump, waste heat recovery, geothermal energy, and congregation technologies. The active heating technologies used for outdoor swimming pools include solar collector, heat pump, PCM storage, geothermal energy, biomass heater, and waste heat recovery technologies. A discussion is presented on the practical and possible heating techniques for swimming pool applications. Finally, through the reviewed literature, future research opportunities are identified, to guide researchers to investigate swimming pool heating systems with suitable and relevant technologies.

Ein Gartenpool im kalten Sommer – wie wird er warm?

“…In sternenklaren Nächten spielt auch die Wärmeabstrahlung in das kalte Weltall (Temperatur von 2,7 K [5]) eine erhebliche Rolle [6]. Beide Effekte sind numerisch nur schwer abschätzbar, da Temperaturgradienten im Pool, im Erdboden und in der Luft auftreten und nicht alle Wärmeleitfähigkeitskoeffizienten und Wärmekapazitäten bekannt sind [7].…”

Systematic and data-driven literature review of the energy and indoor environmental performance of swimming facilities

“…Within the field of swimming facilities, several literature reviews were carried out in the past decade. They include themes regarding prediction of the evaporation rate during natural convection (Poós & Varju, 2019), disinfection by-products in swimming pools (Carter & Joll, 2017;Chowdhury et al, 2014;Manasfi et al, 2017), and heating technologies for swimming pools (Li et al, 2020). Motivated by the reported potential for energy optimization, and the need for research, regulations, and guidelines addressing the complexity of these facilities, this paper presents and discusses a systematic literature review of the energy and the indoor environmental performance of swimming facilities.…”

Study of a water-source CO2 heat pump for residential use: experimental discharge pressure control and performance analysis

“…This motivates the development of technologies for increasing the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency. The corresponding goals have been formulated in European Union's "2030 Climate and Energy Framework": energy efficiency in 2030 will be 32.5% higher than that in 2021, and renewable energy share in 2030 will be increased to higher than 32% [2].…”