Swimming of pregnant rats at different water temperatures

Osorio, Rodríguez; Silveira, Vera Lúcia Flor; Maldjian, S.; Morales, Amalia E.; Christofani, J. S.; Russo, Adriana Kowalesky; Silva, A.C.; Piçarro, Ivan da Cruz

doi:10.1016/s1095-6433(03)00144-2

Cited by 21 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Additionally, neither exercise requires a nox-ious stimulus to the rats. This is in contrast to the treadmill running and swimming extensively described in pregnant rats (31,35,38,40); these exercises often involve noxious stimuli to the animals and are likely to require greater energy use than squat exercise or tower climbing. Previously, we demonstrated that voluntary tower climbing and squat exercise to obtain food are sufficiently strenuous to cause modeling of the tibia in nonpregnant rats without a concomitant rise in fecal corticosterone levels (43), a measure of stress in the rat.…”

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confidence: 93%

Voluntary exercise in pregnant rats positively influences fetal growth without initiating a maternal physiological stress response

Rosa¹,

Firth²,

Blair³

et al. 2011

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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effects of increased physical activity during pregnancy on the health of the offspring in later life are unknown. Research in this field requires an animal model of exercise during pregnancy that is sufficiently strenuous to cause an effect but does not elicit a stress response. Previously, we demonstrated that two models of voluntary exercise in the nonpregnant rat, tower climbing and rising to an erect bipedal stance (squat), cause bone modeling without elevating the stress hormone corticosterone. In this study, these same models were applied to pregnant rats. Gravid Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, tower climbing, and squat exercise. The rats exercised throughout pregnancy and were killed at day 19. Maternal stress was assessed by fecal corticosterone measurement. Maternal bone and soft tissue responses to exercise were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Maternal weight gain during the first 19 days of pregnancy was less in exercised than in nonexercised pregnant control rats. Fecal corticosterone levels did not differ between the three maternal groups. The fetuses responded to maternal exercise in a uterine positiondependent manner. Mid-uterine horn fetuses from the squat exercise group were heavier (P Ͻ 0.0001) and longer (P Ͻ 0.0001) and had a greater placental weight (P ϭ 0.001) than those from control rats. Fetuses from tower-climbing dams were longer (P Ͻ 0.0001) and had heavier placentas (P ϭ 0.01) than those from control rats, but fetal weight did not differ from controls. These models of voluntary exercise in the rat may be useful for future studies of the effects of exercise during pregnancy on the developmental origins of health and disease.pregnancy; bone; developmental origins of health and disease EVENTS THAT OCCUR DURING FETAL development can have longlasting effects on the health and later-life outcomes of the developing organism (25). Low birth weight in humans is associated with an increased risk of later-life diseases, such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, and insulin resistance (3). Exercise during pregnancy may significantly impact birth weight and later-life health, but the effects of maternal exercise during gestation on fetal growth are unclear, and studies in humans and animals have yielded varying results. Studies in humans have found that exercise during pregnancy was associated with birth weight that was reduced (4, 21, 27), unaffected (46), or increased (13, 26) in the offspring of exercising women. Comparison between studies is complicated by different exercise regimens, and many used self-reported exercise, rather than a standardized, supervised exercise program. Timing during pregnancy, intensity, and type of the exercise may influence its effects on the fetus. For example, moderate weight-bearing (treadmill, stair stepper, or step aerobics) exercise begun in early pregnancy has been shown to increase fetoplacental growth and birth weight (13), whereas a high volume of the same exerc...

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confidence: 93%

Voluntary exercise in pregnant rats positively influences fetal growth without initiating a maternal physiological stress response

Rosa¹,

Firth²,

Blair³

et al. 2011

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…were individually submitted to a test of maximum load, 41,42 which consisted of lead load cells corresponding to 1%, 2%, 3%, and so forth, of the total body weight of the animal, attached to the animal's chest with the help of a comfortable vest. The animal was left in the bath to swim until it was exhausted, reaching the maximum tolerated load with such lead loads.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The animal was left in the bath to swim until it was exhausted, reaching the maximum tolerated load with such lead loads. [40][41][42] The animal's exhaustion was determined by its inability to stay above the surface of the water for approximately 8 s. 41,42 This test allowed the adjustment of the working load for the physical training to 40% (PT-40) and 80% (PT-80) of the maximum load. The swimming-training sessions were performed in groups of six animals because exercise becomes more vigorous in animals grouped together than in individual swimming.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…10,11,50 These differences could be directly related to the training intensity, 10,11,13 low mechanical efficiency of the animal's swimming, 47 and the stress-related factors promoted by the swimming activity. 41 Therefore, the stress promoted by long duration and intense exercise results in elevated glucocorticoids for metabolic purposes (e.g., mobilization of free fatty acids, reducing the weight body).…”

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Effects of Different Swimming Exercise Intensities on Bone Tissue Composition in Mice: A Raman Spectroscopy Study

Silva

Souza

Pacheco

et al. 2011

Photomedicine and Laser Surgery

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“…These results suggest the two models of swimming applied to pregnant rats caused no impairment on weight gain. Osorio et al (2003) evaluated the chronic effect of exercise during water immersion associated with thermal stress at an intensity of 80% of maximal workload supported in pregnant and non-pregnant female rats. These authors concluded that pregnant rats gained weight and presented higher glycemia than the nonpregnant group, but no differences in weight gain and blood glucose levels were found in the pregnant groups.…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative analysis of two different models of swimming applied to pregnant rats born small for pregnant age

Corvino

Damasceno

Sinzato

et al. 2017

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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The aim of this study was to compare two models of swimming applied to pregnant rats born small for pregnancy age (SPA). Diabetes was chemically induced in adult female rats to develop an inadequate intrauterine environment, leading to birth of a SPA offspring. In adulthood, the female SPA rats were mated and submitted to different swimming programs. The exercise program 1 (Ex1) consisted of swimming for 15 minutes, followed by 15 minutes of rest and another 15 minutes of swimming, 3 days a week before and during pregnancy. Another program (Ex2) was applied during 60 minutes uninterrupted a day, 6 days/ week during pregnancy. The pregnant rats presented no interference on body weight and glycemia. The rats submitted to Ex2 model showed decreased insulin and blood glucose levels by oral glucose tolerance test, and reduction in area under curve values. The offspring from dams submitted to both exercise protocols presented an increased rate of newborns SPA. However, the offspring from Ex2 dams showed percentage twice higher of newborns SPA than Ex1 offspring. Our data suggests that continuous exercise of 60 min/ day ameliorated the enhanced peripheral insulin sensitivity in growth-restricted females. However, this protocol employed at pregnancy leads to intrauterine growth restriction.

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Swimming of pregnant rats at different water temperatures

Cited by 21 publications

References 26 publications

Voluntary exercise in pregnant rats positively influences fetal growth without initiating a maternal physiological stress response

Voluntary exercise in pregnant rats positively influences fetal growth without initiating a maternal physiological stress response

Effects of Different Swimming Exercise Intensities on Bone Tissue Composition in Mice: A Raman Spectroscopy Study

Comparative analysis of two different models of swimming applied to pregnant rats born small for pregnant age

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