Swimming Exercise Promotes Post-injury Axon Regeneration and Functional Restoration through AMPK

Abstract

Swimming exercise promotes post-injury axon regeneration and functional restoration through AMPK (11 words) Abbreviated Title (50 character maximum):Exercise mediated functional recovery through AMPK (45 characters) List all Author Names and Affiliations in order as they would appear in the

Exercise and the Brain: Lessons From Invertebrate Studies

“…Besides, different procedures were used and different effects of species-specific locomotion on cognitive functions were evaluated, which complicates the comparative analysis. In C. elegans , swimming protected against neurodegeneration, improved associative learning (Laranjeiro et al, 2019 ), accelerated nerve regeneration (Kumar et al, 2021 ); in L. stagnalis , terrestrial crawling increased activity and facilitated the decision making in novel environment (Korshunova et al, 2016 ); in Drosophila spp., vertical climbing increased endurance, improved sleep and feeding behavior (for review, Watanabe and Riddle, 2019 ), in G. bimaculatus , flight improved orientation via conspecific phonotaxis (Mezheritskiy et al, 2020 ), enhanced aggressiveness (Hofmann and Stevenson, 2000 ), promoted mating (Dyakonova and Krushinsky, 2008 ) and increased the resistance to disturbing stimuli (Stevenson et al, 2005 ). Many of these effects (underlined in the previous sentences) have been described in mammals as beneficial results of running, suggesting again certain similarity between distantly-related species.…”

“…In G. bimaculatus , flight improved orientation via conspecific phonotaxis (Sergejeva and Popov, 1994 ; Mezheritskiy et al, 2020 ), enhanced aggressiveness (Hofmann and Stevenson, 2000 ; Stevenson et al, 2005 ), promoted mating (Dyakonova and Krushinsky, 2008 ). In C. elegans , swimming protected against neurodegeneration, improved associative learning (Laranjeiro et al, 2019 ), accelerated nerve regeneration (Kumar et al, 2021 ). In L. stagnalis , previous terrestrial crawling increased activity and facilitated the decision making in novel environment (Korshunova et al, 2016 ).…”

“…Different regimes of swimming which has a greater energy cost than crawling (Laranjeiro et al, 2017 ), were used in C. elegans exercise protocols (Chuang et al, 2016 ; Chaudhari and Kipreos, 2017 ; Laranjeiro et al, 2017 , 2019 ; Hartman et al, 2018 ; Hughes et al, 2019 ; Kumar et al, 2021 ). Already a single 90 min session induced antioxidant defense, reduced glucose metabolism and increased fat metabolism in C. elegans (Laranjeiro et al, 2017 ).…”

“…For example, it caused an increase in the velocity of worms modified for aggregating Tau, and a decrease in the number of gaps in their GABAergic motor neurons compared to the control tau-aggregating animals. Third, a single swimming session following the axotomy of an identified neuron accelerated axon regeneration and behavioral recovery in larva, while in adult worms, several exercise sessions were needed to obtain the same effect (Kumar et al, 2021 ). The key molecule required for swimming-induced axon regeneration is identified to be, namely, the cellular energy sensor AAK-2/AMPK (Kumar et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Third, a single swimming session following the axotomy of an identified neuron accelerated axon regeneration and behavioral recovery in larva, while in adult worms, several exercise sessions were needed to obtain the same effect (Kumar et al, 2021 ). The key molecule required for swimming-induced axon regeneration is identified to be, namely, the cellular energy sensor AAK-2/AMPK (Kumar et al, 2021 ). This is an interesting finding which may help understand molecular interplay in several interacting phenomena such as exercise, neuronal excitation and plasticity, insulin signaling and life span.…”