Swimming-associated haemorrhagic colitis due to <i>Escherichia 
coli</i> O157[ratio   ]H7 infection: evidence of prolonged contamination 
of a fresh water lake

Ackman, David M.; Marks, Stanley L.; Mack, P; Caldwell, Michael S.; Root, Timothy P.; Birkhead, Guthrie S.

doi:10.1017/s095026889700770x

Cited by 107 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…Human diarrhoeal disease can vary in severity from mild diarrhoea to haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) [3,4]. VTEC infections in humans often occur via contact with infected animals, or by consuming contaminated food and water [2,5,6], whereas the sources of infection in animal populations are less clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the epidemiology of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups in young calves

et al. 2005

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SUMMARYWe investigate the epidemiology of 12 Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) serogroups observed in a calf cohort on a Scottish beef farm. Fitting mathematical models to the observed time-course of infections reveals that there is significant calf-to-calf transmission of VTEC. Our models suggest that 40% of all detected infections are from calf-to-calf transmission and 60% from other sources. Variation in the rates at which infected animals recover from infection by different VTEC serogroups appears to be important. Two thirds of the observed VTEC serogroups are lost from infected calves within 1 day of infection, while the rest persist for more than 3 days. Our study has demonstrated that VTEC are transmissible between calves and are typically lost from infected animals in less than 1 week. We suggest that future field studies may wish to adopt a tighter sampling frame in order to detect all circulating VTEC serogroups in similar animal populations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the epidemiology of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups in young calves

et al. 2005

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“…Although most of the known outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7-associated disease in humans are food borne or waterborne, several recent studies indicate that a significant number of human infections are acquired from direct contact with cattle, the environment, or unknown sources (1,12,30,34). An accepted premise is that the reduction of the number of cattle infected with E. coli O157:H7 or the elimination of E. coli O157:H7 from cattle will effect a reduction in the rate of disease in humans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rectoanal Mucosal Swab Culture Is More Sensitive Than Fecal Culture and Distinguishes Escherichia coli O157:H7-Colonized Cattle and Those Transiently Shedding the Same Organism

et al. 2003

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Enrichment and direct (nonenrichment) rectoanal mucosal swab (RAMS) culture techniques were developed and compared to traditional fecal culture for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in experimentally infected and naturally infected cattle. Holstein steers (n ‫؍‬ 16) orally dosed with E. coli O157:H7 were sampled after bacterial colonization starting 15 days postinoculation. Enrichment RAMS cultures (70.31% positive) were more sensitive than enrichment fecal cultures with 10 g of feces (46.88% positive) at detecting E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.01). Holstein bull calves (n ‫؍‬ 15) were experimentally exposed to E. coli O157:H7 by penning them with E. coli O157:H7-positive calves. Prior to bacterial colonization (1 to 14 days postexposure), enriched fecal cultures were more sensitive at detecting E. coli O157:H7 than enriched RAMS cultures (P < 0.01). However, after colonization (40 or more days postexposure), the opposite was true and RAMS culture was more sensitive than fecal culture (P < 0.05). Among naturally infected heifers, enriched RAMS or fecal cultures were equally sensitive (P ‫؍‬ 0.5), but direct RAMS cultures were more sensitive than either direct or enriched fecal cultures at detecting E. coli O157:H7 (P < 0.01), with 25 of 144, 4 of 144, and 10 of 108 samples, respectively, being culture positive. For both experimentally and naturally infected cattle, RAMS culture predicted the duration of infection. Cattle transiently shedding E. coli O157:H7 for <1 week were positive by fecal culture only and not by RAMS culture, whereas colonized animals (which were culture positive for an average of 26 days) were positive early on by RAMS culture. RAMS culture more directly measured the relationship between cattle and E. coli O157:H7 infection than fecal culture.Since Escherichia coli O157:H7 was first identified as a human pathogen (27,33), investigations have demonstrated that human disease outbreaks are often linked to a bovine food source or bovine waste-contaminated water (2,7,30,39). Although most of the known outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7-associated disease in humans are food borne or waterborne, several recent studies indicate that a significant number of human infections are acquired from direct contact with cattle, the environment, or unknown sources (1,12,30,34). An accepted premise is that the reduction of the number of cattle infected with E. coli O157:H7 or the elimination of E. coli O157:H7 from cattle will effect a reduction in the rate of disease in humans. To this end, a great deal of research has focused on describing the ecology and epidemiology of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle, with the hope of identifying interventions to reduce its prevalence in cattle (11,16,17,19,20,23,24,28,29). Within this body of research, numerous methods for detecting E. coli O157:H7 in bovine fecal samples have been developed and used (8,9,22,36,37,40). The reported sensitivities of detection by these various methods vary greatly, and problems occur when data from studies that have used methods with disparate sensitiv...

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“…However, other enterohemorrhagic/Shiga toxin producing (STEC) strains of E. coli such as E. coli O157:H7 have caused well described drinking water outbreaks such as the Walkerton outbreak in Canada that was associated with more than 2000 cases and 7 deaths. Most drinking water associated outbreaks were associated with deficiencies in water treatment and/or disinfection especially in small water scale utilities and after heavy rainfall (Ackman et al, 1997;Bruneau et al, 2004;Friedman et al, 1999;Harrison and Kinra, 2004;Holme, 2003;Jones and Roworth, 1996;Olsen et al, 2002;Paunio et al, 1999;Wang et al, 2004). To the best of our knowledge, no outbreaks have been associated with well managed water systems.…”

Section: Consensus Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus report: E. coli O104:H4 (HUSEC041) and the potential threat to European water supplies

Exner

Hartemann²,

Hunter

et al. 2011

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Swimming-associated haemorrhagic colitis due to Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 infection: evidence of prolonged contamination of a fresh water lake

Cited by 107 publications

References 20 publications

Modelling the epidemiology of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups in young calves

Modelling the epidemiology of Verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serogroups in young calves

Rectoanal Mucosal Swab Culture Is More Sensitive Than Fecal Culture and Distinguishes Escherichia coli O157:H7-Colonized Cattle and Those Transiently Shedding the Same Organism

Consensus report: E. coli O104:H4 (HUSEC041) and the potential threat to European water supplies

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