Swelling of poly(3-alkylthiophene) films exposed to solvent vapors and humidity: Evaluation of solubility parameters

Jaczewska, Justyna; Raptis, Ioannis; Budkowski, Andrzej; Goustouridis, D.; Raczkowska, Joanna; Sanopoulou, M.; Pamuła, Elżbieta; Bernasik, Andrzej; Rysz, Jakub

doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2007.07.015

Cited by 88 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Additionally, the molar volumes of the solvents are generally much smaller than the molar volumes of the polymers resulting in V s /V p approaching 0. Based on 1D swelling and V s /V p ∼ 0, eq can be rewritten as eq :

normalln ([]|, a_{s}) = χ {(\frac{h_{0}}{h})}^{2} + normalln (|, 1 - \frac{h_{0}}{h}) + (|, \frac{h_{0}}{h})

where h 0 is the dry thickness and h is the swollen thickness. The solvent‐polymer χ parameter can be used to determine whether or not the liquid is a non‐solvent ( χ > 1), a plasticizer/solvent (0.5 < χ < 1), or a good solvent ( χ < 0.5) .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Polystyrene (PS)‐based ionomers, such as poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), have been used extensively in the creation of new miscible polymer blends . In the case of good solvents, the Flory–Huggins parameter decreases (i.e., becomes more favorable) with increasing polymer volume fraction . For a good solvent, the polymer–solvent interactions become increasingly favorable, compared to the polymer–polymer self‐interactions, to maximize the number of monomer–solvent interactions as the solvent concentration in the system approaches zero.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of polymer–solvent interactions in poly(styrene sulfonate) thin films

Ferrell

Kushner

Hickner

2017

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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The swelling behavior of acid form poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS‐H) thin films were investigated using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) to probe the polymer–solvent interactions of ion‐containing polymers under interfacial confinement. The interaction parameter (χ), related to the polymer and solvent solubility parameters in the Flory–Huggins theory, describes the polymer‐solvent compatibility. In situ SE was used to measure the degree of polymer swelling in various solvent vapor environments, to determine χ for the solvent‐PSS‐H system. The calculated solubility parameter of 40–44 MPa1/2 for PSS‐H was determined through measured χ values in water, methanol, and formamide environments at a solvent vapor activity of 0.95. Flory–Huggins theory was applied to describe the thickness‐dependent swelling of PSS‐H and to quantify the water‐PSS‐H interactions. Confinement had a significant influence on polymer swelling at low water vapor activities expressed as an increased χ between the water and polymer with decreasing film thickness. As the volume fraction of water approached ∼0.3, the measured χ value was ∼0.65, indicating the water interacted with the polymer in a similar manner, regardless of thicknesses. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1365–1372

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normalln ([]|, a_{s}) = χ {(\frac{h_{0}}{h})}^{2} + normalln (|, 1 - \frac{h_{0}}{h}) + (|, \frac{h_{0}}{h})

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of polymer–solvent interactions in poly(styrene sulfonate) thin films

Ferrell

Kushner

Hickner

2017

J Polym Sci B Polym Phys

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“…The origin of this interaction is not fully understood at present. Comparison of the solubility parameters of P3HT (6.4 (cal cm À3 ) 1/2 ), [27] F8BT (10.0 (cal cm À3 ) 1/2 ), [28] and F8TBT (10.4 (cal cm À3 ) 1/2 ) for the similar APFO-3, [28] which does not have alkyl groups on the thiophene units, suggests that the interaction parameter for P3HT/ F8BT and P3HT/F8TBT will be similar and unlikely to easily account for the differences seen here.…”

Section: P3ht:f8bt Blendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photophysics and Photocurrent Generation in Polythiophene/Polyfluorene Copolymer Blends

McNeill

Abrusci

Hwang

et al. 2009

Adv Funct Materials

114

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Here, studies on the evolution of photophysics and device performance with annealing of blends of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) with the two polyfluorene copolymers poly((9,9‐dioctylfluorene)‐2,7‐diyl‐alt‐[4,7‐bis(3‐hexylthien‐5‐yl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole]‐2′,2′′‐diyl) (F8TBT) and poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐co‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) are reported. In blends with F8TBT, P3HT is found to reorganize at low annealing temperatures (100 °C or below), evidenced by a redshift of both absorption and photoluminescence (PL), and by a decrease in PL lifetime. Annealing to 140 °C, however, is found to optimize device performance, accompanied by an increase in PL efficiency and lifetime. Grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering is also performed to study the evolution in film nanomorphology with annealing, with the 140 °C‐annealed film showing enhanced phase separation. It is concluded that reorganization of P3HT alone is not sufficient to optimize device performance but must also be accompanied by a coarsening of the morphology to promote charge separation. The shape of the photocurrent action spectra of P3HT:F8TBT devices is also studied, aided by optical modeling of the absorption spectrum of the blend in a device structure. Changes in the shape of the photocurrent action spectra with annealing are observed, and these are attributed to changes in the relative contribution of each polymer to photocurrent as morphology and polymer conformation evolve. In particular, in as‐spun films from xylene, photocurrent is preferentially generated from ordered P3HT segments attributed to the increased charge separation efficiency in ordered P3HT compared to disordered P3HT. For optimized devices, photocurrent is efficiently generated from both P3HT and F8TBT. In contrast to blends with F8TBT, P3HT is only found to reorganize in blends with F8BT at annealing temperatures of over 200 °C. The low efficiency of the P3HT:F8BT system can then be attributed to poor charge generation and separation efficiencies that result from the failure of P3HT to reorganize.

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“…The degree of swelling is related to the Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ between the solvent and polymer, a determining factor for solubility. [30,31] Figure 2 (b), (c), and (d) plot the ratio of thickness increase (d/d 0 ) at different relative vapor pressures (see Experimental Section) for films of F8TBT, PCDTBT, and PCBM, respectively. Swelling by vapors of the organic solvents carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), chloroform (CF), ortho-dichlorobenzene (DCB), CB and BrAni was compared.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent Additive Control of Morphology and Crystallization in Semiconducting Polymer Blends

et al. 2011

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Swelling of poly(3-alkylthiophene) films exposed to solvent vapors and humidity: Evaluation of solubility parameters

Cited by 88 publications

References 49 publications

Investigation of polymer–solvent interactions in poly(styrene sulfonate) thin films

Investigation of polymer–solvent interactions in poly(styrene sulfonate) thin films

Photophysics and Photocurrent Generation in Polythiophene/Polyfluorene Copolymer Blends

Solvent Additive Control of Morphology and Crystallization in Semiconducting Polymer Blends

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