Swelling of Clay-Sulfate Rocks: A Review of Processes and Controls

Butscher, Christoph; Mutschler, Thomas; Blum, Philipp

doi:10.1007/s00603-015-0827-6

Cited by 46 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…The transformation process is accompanied by a volume increase of up to 61% (Butscher et al 2016a). The swelling process occurred relatively slowly due to its kinetics and medium-tolow hydraulic permeability in this zone (Sass and Burbaum 2010;Butscher et al 2016b). The swellable anhydrite layers were located at a depth between 61.5 and 99.5 m below ground level.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage event analysis of vertical ground source heat pump systems in Germany

Fleuchaus

Blum

2017

Geotherm Energy

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage event analysis of vertical ground source heat pump systems in Germany

Fleuchaus

Blum

2017

Geotherm Energy

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“…Results showed that the geothermal wells hydraulically connected anhydrite-bearing clay rocks with a deeper aquifer, and resulting water inflow into the anhydritic clay rock triggered the transformation of the mineral anhydrite into gypsum (Ruch 30 and Wirsing, 2013). This chemical reaction is accompanied by a volume increase that leads to rock swelling, a phenomenon typically encountered in tunneling in such rock (e.g., Einstein, 1996;Anagnostou et al, 2010;Butscher et al, 2011bButscher et al, , 2015Alonso, 2012), bur recently also observed after geothermal drilling (Butscher et al, 2011a;Grimm et al, 2014). The above 2 Solid Earth Discuss., doi: 10.5194/se-2016-174, 2017 Manuscript under review for journal Solid Earth Published: 10 January 2017 c Author(s) 2017.…”

Section: Study Sitementioning

confidence: 89%

Data assimilation and uncertainty assessment in 3D geological modeling

Schweizer

Blum

Butscher

2017

Preprint

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Abstract. The quality of a 3D geological model strongly depends on the type of integrated geological data, their interpretation and associated uncertainties. In order to improve an existing geological model and effectively plan further site investigation, it is of paramount importance to identify existing uncertainties within the model space. Information entropy, a voxel based measure, provides a method for assessing structural uncertainties, comparing multiple model interpretations and tracking changes across consecutively built models. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of data assimilation on model uncertainty, model geometry and overall structural understanding. Several geological 3D models of increasing complexity, incorporating different input data categories, were built for the study site Staufen (Germany). We applied the concept of information entropy in order to visualize and quantify changes in uncertainty between these models. Furthermore, we propose two measures, the Jaccard and the City-Block distance, to directly compare dissimilarities between the models. The study shows that different types of geological data have disparate effects on model uncertainty and model geometry. The presented approach using both information entropy and distance measures can be a major help in the optimization of 3D geological models.

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“…This is particularly troublesome, e.g. in Western Europe (Butscher et al 2016), necessitating repair work which is usually very expensive because, as a rule, the expansion continues for many years and is difficult and, in practice, impossible to stop (sometimes continuing until all of the anhydrite is hydrated). Even more costly and destructive are recently recorded uplifts of the surface of the ground and associated damage to houses, roads, and other infrastructure elements in several towns in Europe (Staufen im Breisgau, Böblingen, and Rudersberg in Germany, Lochwiller in France) where improper installation of heat pumps has disturbed the hydrological system in the subsurface (Fleuchaus and Blum 2017, with references).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique Hydration Caves and Recommended Photogrammetric Methods for Their Documentation

et al. 2020

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Active anhydrite hydration during weathering leading to crystallisation of secondary gypsum and significant volume expansion was investigated and documented by the authors at three sites: the environs of Walkenried (Germany), Dingwall (Canada), and Pisky (Ukraine). As a result of these processes, peculiar landscape forms were created: hydration domes and ridges with empty internal chambers, some of them large enough to be called hydration caves (German: Quellungshöhlen). Currently, there are only four recognised sites on Earth featuring such a unique landscape and with a large group of hydration caves in one place (the fourth site is in the Alebastrovyye Islands, Russia). These sites constitute a particularly valuable geological and geomorphological heritage, including potential geosites and geomorphosites which require special protection. Actively growing hydration domes and caves change shape and size within a short time span, on the scale of months, years, or decades. Their study and proper protection require these changes to be monitored. Several different methods of documentation were applied in the field in order to document continuing morphological changes. The practical aspects of the use of each of these methods were assessed, demonstrating that the photogrammetric methods offer the greatest utility; not only are they the most efficient (fast and sufficiently precise) but also, compared with other methods, they yielded the most complete results. The key documentation of outcrops in Canada and Ukraine was executed with the application of terrestrial photogrammetry at Pisky (GoPro camera) and aerial photogrammetry at Dingwall (unmanned aerial vehicle). Application of these methods enabled the recording of the morphology associated with the hydration process in the form of 2.5D and 3D models as well as of orthophotomaps. The maps and the models were created using the Photoscan programme. The authors demonstrate that the photogrammetric models can be used for spatial morphological analysis of hydration forms in the ArcGIS programme. Repetition of this documentation in future will enable analysis of the morphological changes expected to occur during the progressive expansive hydration of anhydrite.

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Swelling of Clay-Sulfate Rocks: A Review of Processes and Controls

Cited by 46 publications

References 63 publications

Damage event analysis of vertical ground source heat pump systems in Germany

Damage event analysis of vertical ground source heat pump systems in Germany

Data assimilation and uncertainty assessment in 3D geological modeling

Unique Hydration Caves and Recommended Photogrammetric Methods for Their Documentation

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