Swelling of Calcium Montmorillonite

Blackmore, AV; Warkentin, B. P.

doi:10.1038/186823a0

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Microscopic studies of bentonites by several researchers showed that within the clay aggregates, the clay fabric is mostly oriented, with the planar clay platelets remaining in a face to face arrangement [Blackmore and Warkentin, 1960;Grim, 1968;Barclay and Thompson, 1969;Tessier, 1984;Saiyouri et al, 2000;Iñigo et al, 2000]. With an increase in the water content, the swelling of montmorillonitic clays is characterized by an increase in the interparticle spacing that is manifested on the reduction of the interaggregate pores [Delage et al, 2006].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Norrish [1954] stated that the osmotic repulsive pressure is much less for divalent cations, therefore montmorillonite particles separated by large distances (>2.5 nm) will collapse together if this force is insufficient to counterbalance the van der Waals attractive forces. Ca-montmorillonite has a considerable range of stability with two molecular layers of water and it has substantially no expansion beyond a c axis dimension of about 1.9 nm [Aylmore and Quirk, 1959;Blackmore and Warkentin, 1960;Iñigo et al, 2000].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Swelling pressure of a divalent‐rich bentonite: Diffuse double‐layer theory revisited

Schanz

Tripathy

2009

Water Resources Research

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[1] Physicochemical forces are responsible for the swelling pressure development in saturated bentonites. In this paper, the swelling pressures of several compacted bentonite specimens for a range of dry density of 1.10-1.73 Mg/m 3 were measured experimentally. The clay used was a divalent-rich Ca-Mg-bentonite with 12% exchangeable Na + ions. The theoretical swelling pressure-dry density relationship for the bentonite was determined from the Gouy-Chapman diffuse double-layer theory. A comparison of experimental and theoretical results showed that the experimental swelling pressures are either smaller or greater than their theoretical counterparts within different dry density ranges. It is shown that for dry density of the clay less than about 1.55 Mg/m 3 , a possible dissociation of ions from the surface of the clay platelets contributed to the diffuse double-layer repulsion. At higher dry densities, the adsorptive forces due to surface and ion hydration dominated the swelling pressures of the clay. A comparison of the modified diffuse double-layer theory equations proposed in the literature to determine the swelling pressures of compacted bentonites and the experimental results for the clay in this study showed that the agreement between the calculated and experimental swelling pressure results is very good for dry densities less than 1.55 Mg/m 3 , whereas at higher dry densities the use of the equations was found to be limited.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swelling pressure of a divalent‐rich bentonite: Diffuse double‐layer theory revisited

Schanz

Tripathy

2009

Water Resources Research

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“…XRD spectra patterns (Figure ) suggested that all acrylamide‐based hydrogels prepared with Brazilian polycationic bentonite presented composite morphologies, both in distilled water and oilfield brine. The XRD spectra of the polymer composites looked essentially the same as that obtained for the clay powder with a strong peak at 2θ around 5.9, which corresponds to a basal spacing of approximatly 15 Å and indicates that the polymer chains did not penetrate between the clay layers (there was no shifting of the X‐ray d ‐spacing), interacting only with the external surfaces of the tactoids or aggregates of tactoids …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

Influence of polymer structure on the gelation kinetics and gel strength of acrylamide‐based copolymers, bentonite and polyethylenimine systems for conformance control of oil reservoirs

Tessarolli

Souza

Gomes

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In oil reservoirs with conformance problems, the sweep and oil recovery efficiencies tend to be low because the injected oil‐recovery drive fluids channel through high‐permeability zones and/or anomalies, leaving behind part of the displaceable oil in unswept low‐permeability zones. In these scenarios, conformance improvement treatments with crosslinked polymers can be used to plug the main paths of the reservoir, improving the overall sweep efficiency. This study aimed to investigate the influence of the polymer structure [molecular weight, acrylate, 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), and/or N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NVP) moieties] on the gelation kinetics of gelling systems based on homopolymers and copolymers of acrylamide, natural bentonite and polyethylenimine for the conformance control of reservoirs with harsh conditions of temperature and salinity/hardness. The correspondence between the gelation time and gel strength obtained from bottle tests and dynamic shear tests was evaluated. Samples with higher AMPS and NVP moieties formed strong composite hydrogels (equilibrium complex modulus = 20–40 Pa) with low syneresis, and good long‐term stability (∼3–6 months) under harsh conditions (90 °C, 56,012 mg L−1 total dissolved solids and 2100 mg L−1 of divalent ions). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47556. HIGHLIGHTS Acrylamide‐based copolymers, bentonite and polyethylenimine systems showed controllable gelation time and gel strength Addition of clay into the formulation increased the gelation time and syneresis resistance of the systems, and slightly improved the final strength of the composite hydrogels Polyacrylamide (PAM) and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (PHPA) samples formed heterogeneous composite hydrogels that suffered strong syneresis and thermal degradation, precipitating during aging after approximately 2 months, independently of the initial acrylate moieties of the sample Acrylamide and 2‐acrylamide‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid copolymer (PAM–AMPS) and acrylamide, 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid, and N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (PAM–AMPS–NVP) samples presented higher salt tolerance and formed composite hydrogels with lower syneresis and good long‐term stability (∼3–6 months). Furthermore, samples with sulfonation degree greater than 10% improved the dispersion of clay particles within the hydrogels' structure

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“…At high concentrations of salt all the possible cation sites in the two layer water structure are occupied by cations; for sites other than those occupied by the exchangeable cations themselves there must be an anion accompanying the cation and hence the final surface excess is six water molecules in the case of the monovalent cation and twelve water molecules for the divalent cation. This corresponds to a water content of approximately 0.10 gl g. 25…”

Section: Concentrated Salt Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Interaction and Soil Swelling

Quirk

1968

Israel Journal of Chemistry

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Particle interaction discussed in this paper may be limited, in which contiguous interacting plate shaped particles are within 10 Å of each other, or extensive, in which surface separations exceed 40 Å. Extensive swelling is caused by the interaction of Gouy‐Chapman diffuse double layers and the conditions under which diffuse double layer theory can be used to describe extensive swelling are re‐viewed. The essential feature of extensive swelling is its dependence on electrolyte concentration. X‐ray studies of the variation of d(001) spacings for montmorillonite and vermiculite when saturated with divalent and large monovalent ions have been discussed as examples of limited swelling. This behaviour is contrasted with sodium montmorillonite which exhibits extensive crystalline swelling for concentrations less than 0.3 M NaCl. The similarity of the swelling behaviour of a montmorillonite crystal and of a parallel assemblage of crystals constituting a domain has been noted and presented as an argument for domains being regarded as particulate entities in calcium saturated clay materials. The limited crystalline swelling of calcium montmorillonite and domain swelling of calcium saturated clays is little affected by electrolyte concentrations less than molar. The inter‐crystalline swelling which occurs in soils and clay materials is triggered off by the adsorption of two layers of water; the adsorption of the two layers of water at areas of crystal overlap release mechanical energy stored as a result of crystal bending and packing on the drying cycle. This release of mechanical energy creates pores in which liquid is held by surface tension forces as distinct from water held at the clay solution interface by hydration and osmotic forces. The use of chloride exclusion measurements to provide information on the nature of particle interaction is discussed. The information presented on domain structure and ion distribution at interfaces, as deduced from chloride exclusion measurements, reveals that diffuse double theory is completely inadequate for describing swelling of calcium clay systems and for predicting the pore solution composition.

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Swelling of Calcium Montmorillonite

Cited by 32 publications

References 6 publications

Swelling pressure of a divalent‐rich bentonite: Diffuse double‐layer theory revisited

Swelling pressure of a divalent‐rich bentonite: Diffuse double‐layer theory revisited

Influence of polymer structure on the gelation kinetics and gel strength of acrylamide‐based copolymers, bentonite and polyethylenimine systems for conformance control of oil reservoirs

Particle Interaction and Soil Swelling

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