Sweat electrolyte concentrations in children with atopic dermatitis

Liebke, C.; Wahn, Ulrich; Niggemann, B.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)64277-8

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Accordingly, AD patients show significantly lower sweat rates upon moderate thermal stress (29). Differences in the composition of sweat, with reduced secretion of IgA (30) and altered sweat electrolyte concentrations (31) in children with AD, have been described. Therefore, our findings underline specific differences in sweating that may be related to the high incidence of skin infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deficiency of Dermcidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides in Sweat of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Correlates with an Impaired Innate Defense of Human Skin In Vivo

Rieg

Steffen²,

Seeber³

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

249

185

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Antimicrobial peptides are an integral part of the epithelial innate defense system. Dermcidin (DCD) is a recently discovered antimicrobial peptide with a broad spectrum of activity. It is constitutively expressed in human eccrine sweat glands and secreted into sweat. Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have recurrent bacterial or viral skin infections and pronounced colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. We hypothesized that patients with AD have a reduced amount of DCD peptides in sweat contributing to the compromised constitutive innate skin defense. Therefore, we performed semiquantitative and quantitative analyses of DCD peptides in sweat of AD patients and healthy subjects using surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ELISA. The data indicate that the amount of several DCD-derived peptides in sweat of patients with AD is significantly reduced. Furthermore, compared with atopic patients without previous infectious complications, AD patients with a history of bacterial and viral skin infections were found to have significantly less DCD-1 and DCD-1L in their sweat. To analyze whether the reduced amount of DCD in sweat of AD patients correlates with a decreased innate defense, we determined the antimicrobial activity of sweat in vivo. We showed that in healthy subjects, sweating leads to a reduction of viable bacteria on the skin surface, but this does not occur in patients with AD. These data indicate that reduced expression of DCD in sweat of patients with AD may contribute to the high susceptibility of these patients to skin infections and altered skin colonization.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deficiency of Dermcidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides in Sweat of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Correlates with an Impaired Innate Defense of Human Skin In Vivo

Rieg

Steffen²,

Seeber³

et al. 2005

The Journal of Immunology

249

185

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several previous studies have reported that the composition of sweat was changed in patients with AD [61][62][63]. Liebke et al found that the sodium concentration of sweat was significantly higher in children with AD than in healthy children [61]. Moreover, Sugawara et al showed that patients with AD had significantly reduced levels of sodium, potassium, lactate, urea, and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid in their sweat than healthy controls [62].…”

Section: The Function and Composition Of Sweatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sweat includes natural moisturizing factors (e.g., lactate, urea, and electrolytes, free amino acids, and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid), antimicrobial peptides (e.g., dermcidin, β-defensins, and cathelicidin), IgA, sodium bicarbonate, pyruvic acid, proteases, and protease inhibitors, and contributes to skin homeostasis, including temperature regulation, skin moisture regulation, and immune functions [59,60]. Several previous studies have reported that the composition of sweat was changed in patients with AD [61][62][63]. Liebke et al found that the sodium concentration of sweat was significantly higher in children with AD than in healthy children [61].…”

Section: The Function and Composition Of Sweatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atopic Dermatitis: Identification and Management of Complicating Factors

Tamagawa‐Mineoka

Katoh

2020

IJMS

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disease, associated with impaired skin barrier function and an atopic background. Various complicating factors, such as irritants, aeroallergens, food, microbial organisms, contact allergens, sweat, and scratching can induce the development of AD symptoms. Irritants, including soap/shampoo and clothes, can cause itching and eczematous lesions. In addition, young children with AD tend to become sensitized to eggs, milk, or peanuts, while older children and adults more often become sensitized to environmental allergens, such as house dust mites (HDM), animal dander, or pollen. Serum-specific IgE levels and skin prick test reactions to food tend to show high negative predictive values and low specificity and positive predictive values for diagnosing food allergy. On the other hand, AD adult patients tend to have severe skin symptoms and exhibit high HDM-specific IgE levels. Microbial organisms, e.g., Staphylococcus aureus and Malassezia furfur, might contribute to the pathogenetic mechanisms of AD. While sweat plays a major role in maintaining skin homeostasis, it can become an aggravating factor in patients with AD. Furthermore, scratching often exacerbates eczematous lesions. Several patient-specific complicating factors are seen in most cases. The identification and management of complicating factors are important for controlling AD.

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“…Conflicting evidence exists on whether altered sweat composition is a cause or result of AD. Liebke et al compared the sweat sodium concentration in 56 children with AD with 60 age-matched healthy controls [20]. Median sodium concentration in sweat of AD children was significantly higher than that of healthy children (21.4 mmol/L versus 12.3 mmol/L, p < 0.001).…”

Section: Altered Sweat Composition In Admentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although patients often perceive sweat as an exacerbating factor in AD, homeostatic mechanisms of sweat in skin moisture, pH and immune defense have the potential to mitigate the symptoms of AD and skin barrier impairment. These perspectives Higher concentration of sodium in sweat of children with AD compared to healthy controls [20] Reduced levels of NMFs (sodium, potassium, lactate, urea, PCA) in AD patients compared to healthy skin [21] Significantly reduced DCD levels in AD sweat; healthy skin subjects show significant reduction in skin bacterial count after moderate sweating compared to AD subjects [22] Significantly lower levels of secretory IgA in sweat of AD patients compared to healthy controls [23] Sweat allergy Injection of autologous sweat results in wheal formation in 84.4% of AD subjects vs. 11.1% of healthy subjects [27] In AD patients, Malassezia globosa protein MGL_1304 induces type I hypersensitivity via IgE-mediated histamine release [29] Abnormal sweating dynamics Compared to healthy controls, AD patients have longer latency period between stimulation and measurable sweating [39,41,45] Persistent sweating following cessation of sweat stimulus in AD subjects [45,46] Altered sweat output Reduced sweat production in AD compared to healthy controls when itch is induced with activation of PAR-2 [32] No significant difference in sweat volume between AD and healthy patients in response to thermal stress [40] Decreased sweat production in AD patients compared to controls in response to thermal stress [41,42] Increased sweat production in AD patients compared to controls following intradermal ACh injection [43] Decreased sweat production in AD patients compared to controls following intradermal injection of cholinomimetics [44,45] Decreased sweat production in AD patients compared to controls following adrenergic stimulation [47] Histamine inhibits ACh-mediated sweating, resulting in decreased sweat production [11,12] ADatopic dermatitis, NMFsnatural moisturizing factors, PCApyrrolidone carboxylic acid, DCDdermcidin, AChacetylcholine.…”

Section: Role Of Sweat Management In Ad Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sweat mechanisms and dysfunctions in atopic dermatitis

Hendricks

Vaughn

Clark

et al. 2018

Journal of Dermatological Science

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Skin barrier dysfunction is inherent to atopic dermatitis (AD), causing dryness, irritation, and increased permeability to irritants, allergens and pathogens. Eccrine sweat functions as part of the skin's protective barrier. Variations in sweat responses have been observed in patients with AD, and altered sweat composition and dynamics are under-recognized as important factors in the disease cycle. This review discusses the role that sweat plays in the pathogenesis of AD, examines evidence on abnormal sweat composition, secretion, and neuro-immune responses to sweat in atopic skin, and highlights the value of sweat management.

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Sweat electrolyte concentrations in children with atopic dermatitis

Cited by 5 publications

References 3 publications

Deficiency of Dermcidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides in Sweat of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Correlates with an Impaired Innate Defense of Human Skin In Vivo

Deficiency of Dermcidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides in Sweat of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Correlates with an Impaired Innate Defense of Human Skin In Vivo

Atopic Dermatitis: Identification and Management of Complicating Factors

Sweat mechanisms and dysfunctions in atopic dermatitis

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