Sweat-activated biocompatible batteries for epidermal electronic and microfluidic systems

Bandodkar, Amay J.; Lee, Stephen P.; Huang, Ivy; Li, W.; Wang, S.; Su, Chun Ju; Jeang, William J.; Hang, Tao; Mehta, Sunita; Nyberg, Nathaniel; Gutruf, Philipp; Choi, Jungil; Koo, Jahyun; Reeder, Jonathan T.; Tseng, Ruo Chia; Ghaffari, Roozbeh; Li, Jinghua

doi:10.1038/s41928-020-0443-7

Cited by 121 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…More recently, a sweat‐activated primary battery was assembled using a Mg anode, a Ag/AgCl cathode, and a cellulosic separator encased within an elastomeric microfluidic system with multiple outlets to expel excess sweat, allow fresh sweat to enter, and permit the release of hydrogen gas as a product. [ 157 ] With ionic conductivity values ranging from 1 to 10 mS cm −1 , the sweat, containing naturally excreted dissolved salts, provides the adequate aqueous electrolytic conditions for closing the circuit. However, the separator of this battery required an impregnation step with NaCl to ensure enough ionic conductivity due to changes of the sweat composition.…”

Section: Challenges and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation Behavior, Biocompatibility, Electrochemical Performance, and Circularity Potential of Transient Batteries

et al. 2021

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Transient technology seeks the development of materials, devices, or systems that undergo controlled degradation processes after a stable operation period, leaving behind harmless residues. To enable externally powered fully transient devices operating for longer periods compared to passive devices, transient batteries are needed. Albeit transient batteries are initially intended for biomedical applications, they represent an effective solution to circumvent the current contaminant leakage into the environment. Transient technology enables a more efficient recycling as it enhances material retrieval rates, limiting both human and environmental exposures to the hazardous pollutants present in conventional batteries. Little efforts are focused to catalog and understand the degradation characteristics of transient batteries. As the energy field is a property‐driven science, not only electrochemical performance but also their degradation behavior plays a pivotal role in defining the specific end‐use applications. The state‐of‐the‐art transient batteries are critically reviewed with special emphasis on the degradation mechanisms, transiency time, and biocompatibility of the released degradation products. The potential of transient batteries to change the current paradigm that considers batteries as harmful waste is highlighted. Overall, transient batteries are ready for takeoff and hold a promising future to be a frontrunner in the uptake of circular economy concepts.

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Section: Challenges and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation Behavior, Biocompatibility, Electrochemical Performance, and Circularity Potential of Transient Batteries

et al. 2021

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“…Current incorporation of batteries and coin cells into skin-like wearable electronics pose challenges as a result of their mismatch in form factors (Bandodkar et al, 2020). A self-powered wearable system that harvests energy from body motion, sweat, ambient light, and moisture therefore emerges as an economically viable, sustainable solution (Bandodkar et al, 2020;Park et al, 2018; iScience Review paper, much progress has been achieved for paper-based energy-harvesting devices. These power generators generally rely on triboelectric, thermoelectric, hygroelectric, piezoelectric, and electrostatic effects.…”

Section: Energy Harvestersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paper-based wearable electronics

Fei

Page

et al. 2021

iScience

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Skin-interfaced wearable electronics can find a broad spectrum of applications in healthcare, human-machine interface, robotics, and others. The state-of-the-art wearable electronics usually suffer from costly and complex fabrication procedures and nonbiodegradable polymer substrates. Paper, comprising entangled micro-or nano-scale cellulose fibers, is compatible with scalable fabrication techniques and emerges as a sustainable, inexpensive, disposable, and biocompatible substrate for wearable electronics. Given various attractive properties (e.g., breathability, flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability) and rich tunability of surface chemistry and porous structures, paper offers many exciting opportunities for wearable electronics. In this review, we first introduce the intriguing properties of paper-based wearable electronics and strategies for cellulose modifications to satisfy specific demands. We then overview the applications of paper-based devices in biosensing, energy storage and generation, optoelectronics, soft actuators, and several others. Finally, we discuss some challenges that need to be addressed before practical uses and wide implementation of paper-based wearable electronics.

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“…Biocompatible and even biodegradable materials or fluids have been considered to replace the traditional electrodes or electrolytes. Bandodkar et al designed a biocompatible battery using Mg as the anode and human sweat as the electrolyte 44 . The fast sweat capture and storage was enabled by the utilization of a microfluidic channel fabricated using silicone and paper.…”

Section: Wearable Electrochemical Energy Storage Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable wearable energy storage devices self‐charged by human‐body bioenergy

Chen

Lee

2021

SusMat

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Charging wearable energy storage devices with bioenergy from human‐body motions, biofluids, and body heat holds great potential to construct self‐powered body‐worn electronics, especially considering the ceaseless nature of human metabolic activities. To bridge the gap between human‐body bioenergy and storage of energy, wearable triboelectric/piezoelectric nanogenerators (TENGs/PENGs), biofuel cells (BFCs), thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have been designed to harvest energy from body‐motions, biofluids, and body heat, respectively. Researchers have explored various strategies using bioenergy harvesters to charge wearable supercapacitors and batteries to relieve or even fully eliminate the recharging process from external power stations, thus, making wearable electronics more sustainable, autonomous, and user friendly. In this article, we review the advances in the design of sustainable energy storage devices charged by human‐body energy harvesters. The progress in multifunctional wearable energy storage devices that cater to the easy integration with human‐body energy harvesters will be summarized. Then, the focus is laid on the integrating strategies (single‐cell strategy and separated‐cell strategy), device design, materials selection, and characteristics of different self‐charging human‐body energy harvesting‐storage systems. Finally, the challenges that impede the wide application of human‐body energy harvesters charged supercapacitors/batteries and prospects will be discussed both from materials and structural design aspects.

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Sweat-activated biocompatible batteries for epidermal electronic and microfluidic systems

Cited by 121 publications

References 55 publications

Degradation Behavior, Biocompatibility, Electrochemical Performance, and Circularity Potential of Transient Batteries

Degradation Behavior, Biocompatibility, Electrochemical Performance, and Circularity Potential of Transient Batteries

Paper-based wearable electronics

Sustainable wearable energy storage devices self‐charged by human‐body bioenergy

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