Suture Growth Modulated by the Oscillatory Component of Micromechanical Strain

Kopher, Ross A.; Mao, Jeremy J.

doi:10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.3.521

Cited by 89 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Unlike neurocranial sutures, which are regulated via tissue interaction with the dura matter (Opperman et al, 1995;Opperman, 2002), the nasal septal cartilage itself may play an important role in the morphogenesis and regulation of facial sutures (Adab et al, 2002(Adab et al, , 2003. Thus, in addition to passively placing the premaxillary suture under biomechanical strains, thereby promoting osteoblastic and fibroblastic activity (e.g., Rafferty and Herring, 1999;Kopher and Mao, 2002;Mao et al, 2003;Mao, 2006;Katsaros et al, 2006), the nasal septum may also play a more active role in premaxillary suture development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Septal and Premaxillary Developmental Integration: Implications for Facial Reduction in Homo

Holton

Franciscus

Marshall

et al. 2010

The Anatomical Record

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The influence of the chondrocranium in craniofacial development and its role in the reduction of facial size and projection in the genus Homo is incompletely understood. As one component of the chondrocranium, the nasal septum has been argued to play a significant role in human midfacial growth, particularly with respect to its interaction with the premaxilla during prenatal and early postnatal development. Thus, understanding the precise role of nasal septal growth on the facial skeleton is potentially informative with respect to the evolutionary change in craniofacial form. In this study, we assessed the integrative effects of the nasal septum and premaxilla by experimentally reducing facial length in Sus scrofa via circummaxillary suture fixation. Following from the nasal septal-traction model, we tested the following hypotheses: (1) facial growth restriction produces no change in nasal septum length; and (2) restriction of facial length produces compensatory premaxillary growth due to continued nasal septal growth. With respect to hypothesis 1, we found no significant differences in septum length (using the vomer as a proxy) in our experimental (n ¼ 10), control (n ¼ 9) and surgical sham (n ¼ 9) trial groups. With respect to hypothesis 2, the experimental group exhibited a significant increase in premaxilla length. Our hypotheses were further supported by multivariate geometric morphometric analysis and support an integrative relationship between the nasal septum and premaxilla. Thus, continued assessment of the growth and integration of the nasal septum and premaxilla is potentially informative regarding the complex developmental mechanisms that underlie facial reduction in genus Homo evolution. Anat Rec, 294:68-78, 2011. V V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasal Septal and Premaxillary Developmental Integration: Implications for Facial Reduction in Homo

Holton

Franciscus

Marshall

et al. 2010

The Anatomical Record

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“…Probably the most interesting experiments involving externally imposed loads are the recent series of papers by Mao and colleagues [76][77][78][79] in which cyclic forces were used. For these procedures animals were typically anesthetized each day for a short period of controlled loading.…”

Section: Cyclic Strain: Anabolic Regardless Of Polaritymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Influences on Suture Development and Patency

Herring¹

2008

Frontiers of Oral Biology

130

150

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In addition to their role in skull growth, sutures are sites of flexibility between the more rigid bones. Depending on the suture, predominant loading during life may be either tensile or compressive. Loads are transmitted across sutures via collagenous fibers and a fluid-rich extracellular matrix and can be quasi-static (growth of neighboring tissues) or intermittent (mastication). The mechanical properties of sutures, while always viscoelastic, are therefore quite different for tensile versus compressive loading. The morphology of individual sutures reflects the nature of local loading, evidently by a process of developmental adaptation. In vivo or ex vivo, sutural cells respond to tensile or cyclic loading by expressing markers of proliferation and differentiation, whereas compressive loading appears to favor osteogenesis. Braincase and facial sutures exhibit similar mechanical behavior and reactions despite their different natural environments.

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“…1A). 18,29,30 During the 12-h loading on the right femoral condyle explant, the left femoral condyle explant of the same rabbit was placed separately in identical organ culture medium but without any exogenous mechanical loading. Once mechanical loading of the right femoral condyle explant was completed, both the control and loaded condyle explants were placed in a rotary bioreactor.…”

Section: Exogenous Mechanical Loadingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Upon confirmation of demineralization by X-ray, the specimens were rinsed, dehydrated in graded ethanol, treated with xylene, and embedded in paraffin. 18,29,31 The entire distal femoral condyle, both mechanically loaded and controls, was first bisected along the sagittal midline under dissection microscope. A total of no less than 20 parasagittal sections from the center of the distal femoral condyle were cut sequentially at 6 mm thickness with a microtome, and were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and safranin-O/fast green.…”

Section: Tissue Processing and Histological Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1C) specimens stained with safranin-O/fast green using computerized histomorphometric analysis (ImagePro Plus and Nikon Eclipse Research Microscope). 18,29 The number of chondrocytes with hypertrophic appearance was quantitatively assessed in the geometric center of the chondroepiphysis in control specimens or adjacent to the apparent secondary ossification center (SOC) in mechanically loaded specimens. The hypertrophic chondrocytes in each grid block were manually tagged, and automatically counted by the image analysis software.…”

Section: Computer-assisted Histomorphometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of endochondral development of the distal femoral condyle by mechanical loading

Sundaramurthy

Mao

2005

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Although previous theoretical modeling studies have predicted that various mechanical stresses accelerate or inhibit the ossification process of the neonatal chondroepiphysis, there is a paucity of experimental data to verify these models. The present study was designed to provide experimental evidence on whether the ossification of the chondroepiphysis is modulated by mechanical loading on the distal femoral condyle explant of the neonatal (5-day-old) rabbit in organ culture. Upon aseptic dissection, the right condyle explant was immersed in and fixated to an organ culture system, and received cyclic forces at 200 mN and 1 Hz for 12 h (N ¼ 8) directly on its slightly convex articular surface, whereas the contralateral, left condyle explant was immersed separately in organ culture (N ¼ 8). Subsequently, both loaded and control explants were placed in a bioreactor rotating at 20 rpm for 72 h. In each mechanically loaded specimen, a structure reminiscent of the secondary ossification center (SOC) appeared with an average area of 1.17 AE 0.13 mm 2 , or 15.2 AE 8.2% of the total epiphysis area. In contrast, no SOC was detected in any of the unloaded contralateral control specimens. The SOC in mechanically loaded specimens was stained intensively with fast green, whereas either the rest of the loaded epiphysis or the entire control epiphysis was stained intensely to safranin-O but lacked fast green staining. Immunolocalization revealed that the SOC of the mechanically loaded specimens expressed Runx 2 and osteopontin, both of which were absent in the unloaded control specimens. Type X collagen was expressed surrounding hypertrophic chondrocytes adjacent to the SOC, but was absent in the control specimen. Type II collagen and decorin were absent in the SOC of the loaded specimen, but were expressed throughout the rest of the loaded epiphysis and the unloaded control epiphysis. The intensity of type II collagen and decorin expression was significantly stronger among hypertrophic chondrocytes surrounding the SOC than the control. The numbers of hypertrophic chondrocytes surrounding the SOC and superior to metaphyseal bone were significantly higher in the loaded specimens than the unloaded controls. Taken together, mechanical stresses accelerate the formation of the secondary ossification center, and therefore modulate endochondral ossification. ß

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Suture Growth Modulated by the Oscillatory Component of Micromechanical Strain

Cited by 89 publications

References 36 publications

Nasal Septal and Premaxillary Developmental Integration: Implications for Facial Reduction in Homo

Nasal Septal and Premaxillary Developmental Integration: Implications for Facial Reduction in Homo

Mechanical Influences on Suture Development and Patency

Modulation of endochondral development of the distal femoral condyle by mechanical loading

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