Sustained slowing effect of lentils on gastric emptying of solids in humans and dogs

The addition of locust bean gum but not water delayed the gastric emptying rate of a nutrient semisolid meal in healthy subjects

“…Such possible differences in gastric juice secretion between diabetic patients, with vagal neuropathy and gastroparesis, and healthy subjects might limit the capability of the stomach to reduce the viscosity of the gastric content resulting in a greater impact of meal viscosity on gastric emptying. Previously it has been claimed that when fiber arrives in the distal ileum or in the colon, it exerts a negative feedback on gastric emptying (the 'ileal brake') [33,34]. Similarly, one could expect that the influence of locust bean gum on gastric emptying would be due to duodenal feedback controlling antroduodenal coordination and inhibiting gastric emptying [35], since rapid intragastric dilution decreases meal viscosity.…”

Gastric emptying of a solid meal is accelerated by the removal of dietary fibre naturally present in food.

“…colon, it exerts a negative feedback (the 'ileal brake'). [39][40][41][42][43] Another explanation for the slowing down effect of fibre on gastric emptying is greater resistance of fibre containing food to the grinding action of the antrum. Disruption of food form, rather than removal of fibre in itself, might be important in modifying gastric emptying.32 Evidence for such a phenomenon was found in a study on the plasma glucose and insulin responses to a meal of varied consistency (spaghetti, rice, French bread, mashed potatoes) labelled with technetium-99malbumin.44 A clear relation was found between the gastric emptying rate and the maximum Time (min) Figure 5: Scores for the feeling of hunger before and at hourly intervals after the two meals (see Fig 1).…”

Ileal brake: Neuropeptidergic control of intestinal transit

“…The inhibitory feedback response from the small intestine is maximally triggered by 1M glucose when the nutrient is delivered into the distal-most quartile of the small intestine [18]. Although the luminal content of the small intestine is approximately 300 mOsm by the ligament of Treitz, the greater slowing of gastric emptying of a dinner meal after consumption of a poorly digestible, compared with an easily digestible, starch eaten 4.5 hours earlier, suggests that complex carbohydrates normally escape assimilation by the proximal intestine to reach the ileum [18,19].…”

“…A nutritional approach that does not rely on distal braking is required to limit the chronic problems of postprandial diarrhea, bloating, nausea, and abdominal pain these patients experience. Because the efficiency of protein absorption in the absence of ileal brake triggers depends not on load but on hydrolytic state [19], enteral formulas containing partially or completely hydrolyzed proteins have been used successfully to maintain some short bowel syndrome patients with enteral nutrition. This strategy was used to maintain a pediatric patient with only 8 cm of proximal jejunum and 5 cm of terminal ileum on an elemental diet, resulting in normal growth and development [31].…”

“…Gastrointestinal transit and pancreatic amylase secretions increase when the ileum is presented with unhydrolyzed carbohydrate [16][17][18][19] but not when the jejunum is presented with glucose as the hydrolyzed carbohydrate [9]. The inhibitory feedback response from the small intestine is maximally triggered by 1M glucose when the nutrient is delivered into the distal-most quartile of the small intestine [18].…”